Dwudziestolecie Polski w cieniu sporów aliantów zachodnich i zdrada Polski przez Wielka Brytanie, Francje i USA.
Podczas konferencji pokojowej w Paryżu w 1918 roku, był przedstawiony plan powojennych granic Polski, przez reprezentanta Polski, Romana Dmowskiego, który, z poparciem Francji, żądał przyłączenia do odrodzonej Polski Gdańska, Prus i Żmudzi, przy jednoczesnym stworzeniu w historycznych Prusach małego regionu wolnego miasta Królewca, pod opieką Polski i niezależnego od Niemiec.
Kiedy rząd angielski przeforsował 9go lutego, 1920 stworzenie wolnego miasta w Gdańsku i przyłączenie do Niemiec większości terenów Prus Wschodnich, pomimo wyników plebiscytu. Dowódca armii francuskiej, marszałek Ferdynand Foche, wskazał wówczas na Gdańsk i proroczo powiedział, że miasto to stanie się pretekstem do rozpoczęcia Drugiej Wojny Światowej.
Według historyka angielskiego, Normana Davies’a odradzająca się Polska musiała wygrać sześć prawie jednoczesnych wojen o swoje granice. Największe zagrożenie stanowiła bolszewicka Rosja, która 7go, lutego 1919 rozpoczęła nieudaną ofensywę pod hasłem „Cel Wisła,” tak, że pierwsza regularna bitwa między odradzającą się armią polską i Armią Czerwoną została wygrana przez Polaków pod Berezą Kartuską 12 lutego, 1919. Natomiast 28, czerwca, 1919, został podpisany w Wersalu, traktat pokojowy z Niemcami. W imieniu Polski podpisali Roman Dmowski i Ignacy Paderewski.
Pod koniec sierpnia, 1919 roku, miasta takie jak Wilno, Mińsk Litewski i Lwów, zaludnione przeważnie przez Polaków, były w rękach wojsk polskich, dowodzonych przez oficerów, weteranów Pierwszej Wojny Świtowej w armii Austrii, Prus i Rosji. Wówczas Polacy oswobodzili Dźwińk-Duneburg na Lotwie, mimo stałych trudności w otrzymaniu broni z zachodu.
Przerażeni możliwością pochodu Armii Czerwonej na Zachód, członkowie „Najwyższej Rady Aliantów,” ogłosili 8go grudnia, 1919, bez wysyłania tej propozycji na piśmie do Moskwy, jako granicę Polsko-Bolszewicką t. zw. „linię Curzon’a,” która dawała Bolszewikom, Białystok i dalej szła według granicy z 1797 roku wzdłuż rzeki Bug, między Królestwem Pruskim i Rosją. W 1797 roku Lwów należał do Austrii i status Lwowa w tej pierwszej wersji „linii Curson’a” był zupełnie nie jasny.
Nadal w strachu przed pochodem Czerwonej Armii na zachód przygotowano następną wersję „linii Curzona,” ustalonej w oficjalnej propozycji Najwyższej Rady Aliantów, w Evian we Francji 10go lipca, 1920 roku. Wówczas wyraźnie stwierdzono, że Lwów wraz z całym województwem lwowski jest częścią Polski. Wersja z 10go lipca została sfałszowana w Londynie i datowana 11go lipca 1920go roku. W ten sposób fałszywa wersja „linii Curzon’a,” niby w imieniu „Najwyższej Rady Aliantów” była wysłana z Londynu rządowi Lenina. Fałsz z 11go lipca, 1920 roku, był częścią rozgrywki Anglii przeciwko Francji, kosztem Polski, alianta Francji.
Naturalnie brytyjska fałszywa wersja postanowienia w Evian, nie miała znaczenia po zwycięstwie polskim pod Warszawą i nad Niemnem w 1920 roku, ale niestety pozostała w archiwach rosyjskich, do użytku Stalina na konferencji w Teheranie w 1943 roku, w czasie budowy imperium republik sowieckich i państw satelickich.
Stalin, wcześniej jako członek Rady Wojenno-Rewolucyjnej w lecie 1920 roku, zaproponował, żeby Polska nie była republiką w Związku Sowieckim, ale republiką satelicką, tak jak to miało miejsce ponad dwadzieścia lat później, kiedy Stalin tego dokonał tego w czasie Drugiej Wojny Światowej. Plan satelickich republik na zachodzie Związku Sowieckiego był sformułowany w 1920tym roku, w czasie bitwy o Lwów, przez Józefa Salina, który był wówczas w dowództwie sowieckiego frontu południowo zachodniego, pod generałem Aleksandrem Jegorowem.
Front Jewgorowa składał się z Pierwszej Armii Konnej oraz 12tej i 14tej armii i nie wykonał rozkazu z 15 sierpnia i nie atakował na zachód oraz nie wspomagał z południa, ataku na Warszawę, armii generała Mikhaiła Tukhaczevsky’ego. Dowiedział się o tym stanie rzeczy Józef Piłsudski dzięki złamaniu szyfrów sowieckich, przy pomocy późniejszych profesorów Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Mazurkiewicza i Sierpińskiego. Dokonał tego porucznik Jan Kowalewski i został udekorowany krzyżem Virtuti Militari w 1921 roku.
Dzięki wzmocnieniu 5 Armii gen. Władysłwa Sikorskiego przez Polską Brygadę Syberyjską, a zwłaszcza doborową 18 DP generała Franciszka Krajowskiego, udało się powstrzymać natarcie 3 i 15 armii sowieckich w rejonie Modlina. Armia Sikorskiego była zagrożona atakierm od północy przez 4 Armię sowiecką generała Szuwajewa.
Około 12tej w nocy 13go sierpnia, zagon 203 pułku ułanów, pod rotmistrzem Podhorodeckim, zniszczył radiostację 4 Armii Szuwajewa. Pozbawiona łączności z Tuchaczewskim, zamiast uderzyć na odsłoniętą flankę Sikorskiego, działając według starych planów, armia ta atakowała przez Wisłę na zachód, żeby Lenin mógł oferować Niemcom zabór pruski, w zamian za komunistyczny rząd w Berlinie. Później, ocalenie 5 Armii Sikorskiego od ataku 4tej Armii generała Szuwajewa, Tuchaczewski przypisywał „wyjątkowemu szczęściu.”
Armia Czerwona rozpoczęła atak na Pragę 13go sierpnia, 14go zdobyła miasto Radzymin po krwawej bitwie. Zamiast atakować Radzymin przed południem 15go sierpnia, według wcześniejszych rozkazów, dowódca batalionu karabinów maszynowych pułku Strzelców Kaniowskich, porucznik Stefan Pogonowski, zaatakował ogniem karabinów maszynowych, o pierwszej nad ranem, ze wzniesienia Wólki Radzymińskiej, mijające go z południa i z północy dywizje Czerwonej Armii, idące forsownym marszem nocnym na Warszawę.
W nocy, w zamieszaniu spowodowanym atakiem Pogonowskiego, wywiązała się chaotyczna walka między dywizjami sowieckimi, które zamiast wejść na ulice Pragi, popadły w popłoch i zaczęły masowy odwrót od Warszawy, na wschód, po trupach większości żołnierzy na Wólce Radzymińskiej. Z rana, 15 sierpnia, miasto Radzymin ponownie było zajęte przez cofających się bolszewików. Wieczorem 15go Polacy zajęli Radzymin. Stało się to przed uderzeniem Piłsudskiego z nad Wieprza, którą to rzekę, wojska Piłsudskiego przekroczyły 16go sierpnia 1920 roku i zaczęły forsowne marsze na północny wschód w atmosferze zwycięstwa, zamiast fatalnych skutków dla duch w wojsku, jakie stanowiłaby wówczas obecność wojsk sowieckich w Warszawie, jak to planował generał Tuchaczewski.
Wówczas generał Sikorski zaczął atakować używając taktyk „blitzkrieg’u,” za pomocą artylerii na dwóch pociągach pancernych, i oddziałów zmotoryzowanych, wyposażonych w czołgi Ft-17 i samochody pancerne. W dniu 18go sierpnia w Mińsku Litewskim generał Tuchaczewski zarządził odwrót. Tym czasem jego generał Bżyszkian, dowódca 3go korpusu kawalerii, dalej atakował na zachód przez Pomorze, w celu zajęcia zaboru pruskiego, według wcześniejszych rozkazów. Straty sowieckie wynosiły 15,000 zabitych, 500 zaginionych, 10,000 rannych i 65,000 wziętych do niewoli, oraz 231 armat i 1,023 karabinów maszynowych.
W sprawie Lwowa, 23 lata później, żądania Stalina były popierane w 1943 roku przez zdrajców Polski, Churchilla i Roosevelt’a. Natomiast rządy USA i W. Brytanii były przeciwne polskiej granicy na Nysie Łużyckiej, proponowanej przez Stalina, który wówczas budował sowieckie imperium państw satelickich. Churchill i Roosevelt, naprzód chcieli dać Niemcom większość Śląska, a potem bezskutecznie upierali się, żeby granica Polski z Niemcami przebiegała dalej na wschód, wzdłuż Nysy Kłodzkiej.
Między-wojenna postawa Paryża ukształtowała się pod wrażeniem strat francuskich w zabitych i w rannych w czasie Pierwszej Wojny Światowej, które stanowiły blisko 12% blisko czterdziestu milionów ludności Francji. Ludność Francji nie chciała się narażać na ponowne straty, zwłaszcza w formie poparcia zbrojnego Polski przeciwko agresji niemieckiej. Podobny nastrój panował w W. Brytanii po podpisaniu traktatu wspólnej obrony z Polską 25 sierpnia, 1939 roku. Blisko 70% najlepszych wojsk niemieckich walczyło w Polsce we wrześniu 1939 w czasie, kiedy Francja miała 105 dywizji i więcej broni pancernej niż Niemcy, ale wówczas Francja nie miała ducha do walki i nie przygotowała się do ataku na teren Niemiec.
Odpowiedź na pytanie, dlaczego wojska sowieckie rozpoczęły inwazję Polski w dniu 17 września, 1939, jest w Polsce powszechnie nieznana. Ludziom jest trudno myśleć o wielkiej grze na światową skalę, zwłaszcza, że Związek Sowiecki, a po nim Rosja, nie chce wyznać prawdy, że w styczniu 1939 roku, Polska najprawdopodobniej uratowała Związek Sowiecki od klęski, w chwili, kiedy rząd Polski odmówi Hitlerowi podpisania Paktu Anty-Kominternowskiego. Pakt ten Japonia podpisała już 26 listopada 1936 roku, a Włochy 6go listopada, 1937 roku. Japonia wysłała do Niemiec, 13 sierpnia, 1937 generała nazwiskiem Sawada, żeby wraz z Niemcami wywierał nacisk na przystąpienie Polski do Paktu Anty-Kominternowskiego. Wkrótce do tych starań przyłączyły się Włochy.
Natomiast Stalin, którego wojska walczyły z Japończykami od 1937 roku i staczały z nimi największe bitwy powietrzne w historii do tego czasu, miał nadzieję, że stając po stronie Hitlera, spowoduje Drugą Wojnę Światową i zdoła uwikłać Niemców w powtórkę wojny pozycyjnej z czasów Pierwszej Wojny Światowej. Stalin chciał zdobyć dosyć czasu na odbudowę Armii Czerwonej, w której jego własne czystki spowodowały śmierć 44,000 najbardziej doświadczonych oficerów.
Polska w tragicznej sytuacji stała wobec „misji dziejowej Hitler’a przyłączenia do Niemiec żyznych ziem Ukrainy” i jednocześnie eliminacji mieszkańców Polski i Ukrainy na rzecz „rasowych Niemców.” Józef Piłsudski wcześniej przekazał Polakom poprawną opinię, że „Polacy muszą unikać zbliżenia tak z Niemcami jak i z Rosją, w obronie niepodległego państwa polskiego na jego ziemiach historycznych.”
Rosja zagrażała Polakom brutalnymi morderstwami i stratą niepodległości, podczas gdy Niemcy hitlerowskie zagrażały likwidacją ludności polskiej, na jej historycznych ziemiach. Dlatego rząd polski odmówił przystąpienia się do paktu z Hitlerem, który w 1939 roku wywołał Drugą Wojnę Światową, napaścią na Polskę i uczynił to z pomocą Stalina. Hitler chciał uzyskać długą granicę ze Związkiem Sowieckim, konieczną dla spełnienia jego „misji dziejowej” podbojów na wschodzie.
Los Polski był smutny i nieunikniony z powodu położenia w środku Europy, między silniejszymi totalitarnymi sąsiadami Niemcami i Sowietami. Churchill i Roosevelt cynicznie zdradzili polskiego alianta już w 1943 roku. Natomiast Stalin dokonał na Polakach masowych mordów oraz pozbawił ich wolności na prawie pół wieku. Polska obecnie ma swoje ziemie historyczne zamieszkałe przez blisko 40 milionów Polaków, mimo bardzo bolesnych strat wojennych ponad 20% obywateli i połowy przedwojennego terytorium, włącznie ze Lwowem i Wilnem. Taki jest wynik Drugiej Wojny Światowej, która to wojna była rozpoczęta jakoby w obronie Polski.
Polska mogła się bronić, albo pozwolić na dominację przez Hitlera, który mógł naprzód korzystać ze zgody Polaków na przemarsz wojsk niemieckich albo z dobrowolnego udziału Polski w ataku Niemiec na Związek Sowiecki. Taki atak w 1939 roku prawdopodobnie spowodowałoby klęskę Sowietów i uniemożliwiłby Sowietom przygotowania do kluczowej bitwy sowiecko-japońskiej nad rzeką Kalką, w sierpniu 1939 roku.
Niestety mało znane są w Polsce takie fakty jak uznanie Hitlera za „zdrajcę Japonii” i protest Tokio w Berlinie przeciwko paktowi Ribbentrop-Mołotow w sierpniu, 1939, jak też uzyskanie przez Japonię obietnicy, że w cztery dni po początku pierwszej bitwy japońsko-amerykańskiej Hitler, zobowiązał się wypowiedzieć wojnę Stanom Zjednoczonym, w zamian za pomoc Japonii przeciwko Sowietom, w formie obiecanego ataku japońskiego na sowiecką armię syberyjską przez wojska japońskie. Japończycy nigdy tego ataku nie dokonali, ale Hitler tym razem dotrzymał słowa i wypowiedział wojnę przeciwko USA w dniu 11go grudnia 1941 roku.
Polska nie mogła uniknąć tragicznych strat, które poniosła, ponieważ wielka niemiecka ekspansja terytorialna na wschód mogła być dokonana tylko za pomocą likwidacji Polski na jej ziemiach historycznych. Niemcy nie chciały rezygnować z żadnej części byłego zaboru pruskiego. Dla Hitlera naturalną dalszą ekspansją była likwidacja państwa polskiego na jego historycznych ziemiach oraz przyłączenie czarnoziemu ukraińskiego do Niemiec, ale bez ludności słowiańskiej.
Hitler kazał aresztować działaczy ukraińskich i wywieźć ich do więzienia w bunkrze, na terenie obozu koncentracyjnego w Sachsenhausen pod Berlinem, w chwili, kiedy w 1941 roku, próbowali oni ogłosić wolną Ukrainę we Lwowie. Niestety możliwości strategiczne Polaków w 1939 roku były bardzo ograniczone i polska pomoc w niemieckim podboju Rosji nie miała żadnego sensu z polskiego punktu widzenia. Polacy wraz z Japonią mogli umożliwić wojskom Hitlera pokonanie Sowietów i zdobycie przez niego zasobów energetycznych Bliskiego Wschodu bez istnienia frontu zachodniego. Wówczas kilkuletnia przerwa w działaniach wojennych mogła dać czas Hitlerowi na wprowadzenie w życie jego planów ekspansji na wschód.
Po zdradzie przez Hitlera paktu z Japonią i zawarciu paktu Ribbentrop-Mołotow, Japończycy zaczęli pertraktacje o zawieszenie broni z Sowietami na froncie syberyjskim, gdzie ponosili duże straty. Sowieci zamiast atakować Polskę 1go września, wspólnie z Niemcami, podpisali zawieszenie broni z Japonią 15go września, 1939, 16go września zawieszenie broni weszło w życie i 17go września 1939 Armia Czerwona rozpoczęła inwazję Polski, po pozbyciu się frontu sowiecko-japońskiego.
Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski
Born Sept. 3, 1921
Lwów, Poland
in Dec 1939 left Warsaw. Dec 30, 1939 arrested by Ukrainians serving the Gestapo in Dukla, then transferred to Barwinek, Krosno, Jaslo, Tarnów, Oswiecim, arrived in Oranienburg-Sachsenhausen on Aug. 10, 1940.
April 19, 1945 started on the Death March of Brandenburg from Sachsenhausen; escaped gunfire of SS-guards and arrived to Schwerin and freedom on May 2, 1945.
September 1945 arrived in Brussels, Belgium; obtained admission as a regular student at the Catholic University: Institute Superieur de Commerce, St. Ignace in Antwerp.
in 1954 graduated in Civil Engineering at the top of his class. Was invited to join honorary societies: Tau Beta Pi (general engineering honorary society), Phi Kappa Phi (academic honorary society equivalent to Phi Beta Kappa), Pi Mu (mechanical engineering honorary society), and Chi Epsilon (civil engineering honorary society). Taught descriptive geometry at the University of Tennessee;
in 1955 graduated with M.S. degree in Industrial Engineering.
in 1955 started working for Shell Oil Company in New Orleans. After one year of managerial training was assigned to design of marine structures for drilling and production of petroleum.
in 1960 started working for Texaco Research and Development in Houston, Texas as a Project Engineer. Authored total of 50 American and foreign patents on marine structures for the petroleum industry;
wrote an article: The Rise and Fall of the Polish Commonwealth - A Quest for a Representative Government in Central and Eastern Europe in the 14th to 18th Centuries. Started to work on a Tabular History of Poland.
in 1972 moved to Blacksburg, Virginia. During the following years worked as Consulting Engineer for Texaco, also taught in Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University as Adjunct Professor in the College of Civil Engineering teaching courses on marine structures of the petroleum industry. Designed and supervised the construction of a hill top home for his family, also bought 500 acre ranch (near Thomas Jefferson National Forest) where he restored 200 years old mill house on a mountain stream.
in 1978 prepared Polish-English, English-Polish Dictionary with complete phonetics, published by Hippocrene Books Inc. The dictionary included a Tabular History of Poland, Polish Language, People, and Culture as well as Pogonowski's phonetic symbols for phonetic transcriptions in English and Polish at each dictionary entry; the phonetic explanations were illustrated with cross-sections of speech (organs used to pronounce the sounds unfamiliar to the users). It was the first dictionary with phonetic transcription at each Polish entry for use by English speakers
in 1981 prepared Practical Polish-English Dictionary with complete phonetics, published by Hippocrene Books Inc.
in 1983 prepared Concise Polish-English Dictionary with complete phonetics, published by Hippocrene Books Inc. Wrote an analysis of Michael Ch ci ski's Poland, Communism, Nationalism, Anti-Semitism. Also selected crucial quotations from Norman Davies' God's Playground - A History of Poland on the subject of the Polish indigenous democratic process.
in 1985 prepared Polish-English Standard Dictionary with complete phonetics, published by Hippocrene Books Inc. Also prepared a revised and expanded edition of the Concise Polish-English Dictionary with complete phonetics, also published by Hippocrene Books Inc.
in 1987 prepared Poland: A Historical Atlas on Polish History and Prehistory including 200 maps and graphs as well as Chronology of Poland's Constitutional and Political Development, and the Evolution of Polish Identity - The Milestones. An introductory chapter was entitled Poland the Middle Ground. Aloysius A. Mazewski President of Polish-American Congress wrote an introduction. The Atlas was published by Hippocrene Books Inc. and later by Dorset Press of the Barnes and Noble Co. Inc. which sends some 30 million catalogues to American homes including color reproduction of book covers. Thus, many Americans were exposed to the cover of Pogonowski's Atlas showing the range of borders of Poland during the history - many found out for the firsttime that Poland was an important power in the past. Total of about 30,000 atlases were printed so far.
In 1988 the publication of Poland: A Historical Atlas resulted in a number of invitations extended by several Polonian organizations to Iwo Pogonowski to present Television Programs on Polish History. Pogonowski responded and produced over two year period 220 half-hour video programs in his studio at home (and at his own expense.) These programs formed a serial entitled: Poland, A History of One Thousand Years. Total of over 1000 broadcasts of these programs were transmitted by cable television in Chicago, Detroit-Hamtramck, Cleveland, and Blacksburg.
in 1990-1991 translated from the Russian the Catechism of a Revolutionary of 1869 in which crime has been treated as a normal part of the revolutionary program. Started preparation of the Killing the Best and the Brightest: A Chronology of the USSR-German Attempt to Behead the Polish Nation showing how the USSR became a prototype of modern totalitarian state, how this prototype was adapted in Germany by the Nazis.
in 1991 prepared Polish Phrasebook, Polish Conversations for Americans including picture code for gender and familiarity, published by Hippocrene Books Inc.
in 1991 prepared English Conversations for Poles with Concise Dictionary published by Hippocrene Books Inc. By then a total of over 100,000 Polish-English, English-Polish Dictionaries written by Pogonowski were sold in the United States and abroad.
in 1992 prepared a Dictionary of Polish, Latin, Hebrew, and Yiddish Terms used in Contacts between Poles and Jews. It was prepared for the history of Jews in Poland as well as 115 maps and graphs and 172 illustrations, paintings, drawings, and documents, etc. of Jewish life in Poland. This material was accompanied by proper annotations.
in 1993 prepared Jews in Poland, Rise of the Jews as a Nation from Congressus Judaicus in Poland to the Knesset in Israel, published by Hippocrene Books Inc. in 3000 copies. Foreword was written by Richard Pipes, professor of history at Harvard University, and Pogonowski's school mate in the Keczmar school in Warsaw. Part I included: a Synopsis of 1000 Year History of Jews in Poland; the 1264 Statute of Jewish Liberties in Poland in Latin and English translation; Jewish Autonomy in Poland 1264-1795; German Annihilation of the Jews. In appendixes are documents and illustrations. An Atlas is in the Part III. It is divided as follows: Early Jewish Settlements 966-1264; The Crucial 500 Years, 1264-1795; Competition (between Poles and Jews) Under Foreign Rule, 1795-1918; The Last Blossoming of Jewish Culture in Poland, 1918-1939; German Genocide of the Jews, 1940-1944; Jewish Escape from Europe 1945-1947 - The End of European (Polish) Phase of Jewish History (when most of world's Jewry lived in Europe). Pogonowski began to write a new book starting with the Chronology of the Martyrdom of Polish Intelligentsia during World War II and the Stalinist Terror; the book in preparation was entitled Killing the Best and the Brightest.
in 1995 prepared Dictionary of Polish Business, Legal and Associated Terms for use with the new edition of the Practical Polish-English, English-Polish Dictionary and later to be published as a separate book.
in 1996 Pogonowski's Poland: A Historical Atlas; was translated into Polish; some 130 of the original 200 maps printed in color; the Chronology of Poland was also translated into Polish. The Atlas was published by Wydawnictwo Suszczy ski I Baran in Kraków in 3000 copies; additional publications are expected. Prepared Polish-English, Eglish-Polish Compact Dictionary with complete phonetics, published by Hippocrene Books Inc.
in 1997 finished preparation of the Unabridged Polish-English Dictionary with complete phonetics including over 200,000 entries, in three volumes on total of 4000 pages; it is published by Hippocrene Books Inc; the Polish title is: Uniwesalny S ownik Polsko-Angielski. Besides years of work Pogonowski spent over $50,000 on computers, computer services, typing, and proof reading in order to make the 4000 page dictionary camera ready; assisted in the preparation of second edition of Jews in Poland, Rise of the Jews from Congressus Judaicus in Poland to the Knesset in Israel published in fall of 1997. Prepared computer programs for English-Polish Dictionary to serve as a companion to the Unabridged Polish-English Dictionary printed by the end of May 1997.
in 1998 Pogonowski organized preparation of CD ROM for the Unabridged Polish-English Dictionary, Practical English-Polish Dictionary, Polish Phrasebook for Tourists and Travelers to Poland, all published earlier by Iwo C. Pogonowski. The Phrasebook includes 280 minutes of bilingual audio read by actors. Started preparation for a new edition of Poland: A Historical Atlas. New Appendices are being prepared on such subjects as: Polish contribution to Allied's wartime intelligence: the breaking of the Enigma Codes, Pune Munde rocket production; Poland's contribution to the international law since 1415; Poland's early development of rocket technology such as Polish Rocketry Handbook published in 1650 in which Poles introduced for the first time into the world's literature concepts of multiple warheads, multistage rockets, new controls in rocket flight, etc. Poland's Chronology is being enlarged to reflect the mechanisms of subjugation of Polish people by the Soviet terror apparatus. Continued preparation of the Killing the Best and the Brightest: A Chronology of the USSR-German Attempt to Behead the Polish Nation, including the 1992 revelations from Soviet archives as well as the current research in Poland. Continued preparation of two-volume English Polish Dictionary, a companion to the Unabridged Polish-English Dictionary published in 1997. Reviewed Upiorna Dekada by J. T. Gross.
in 1999 Pogonowski continued writing Poland - An Illustrated History and preparing for it 21 maps and diagrams and 89 illustrations.
in 2000 Pogonowski prepared, in a camera ready form, Poland - An Illustrated History; it was published by Hippocrene Books Inc. NY 2000 and recommended by Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Advisor under President Carter, as "An important contribution to the better understanding of Polish history, which demonstrates in a vivid fashion the historical vicissitudes of that major European nation."
Podczas konferencji pokojowej w Paryżu w 1918 roku, był przedstawiony plan powojennych granic Polski, przez reprezentanta Polski, Romana Dmowskiego, który, z poparciem Francji, żądał przyłączenia do odrodzonej Polski Gdańska, Prus i Żmudzi, przy jednoczesnym stworzeniu w historycznych Prusach małego regionu wolnego miasta Królewca, pod opieką Polski i niezależnego od Niemiec.
Kiedy rząd angielski przeforsował 9go lutego, 1920 stworzenie wolnego miasta w Gdańsku i przyłączenie do Niemiec większości terenów Prus Wschodnich, pomimo wyników plebiscytu. Dowódca armii francuskiej, marszałek Ferdynand Foche, wskazał wówczas na Gdańsk i proroczo powiedział, że miasto to stanie się pretekstem do rozpoczęcia Drugiej Wojny Światowej.
Według historyka angielskiego, Normana Davies’a odradzająca się Polska musiała wygrać sześć prawie jednoczesnych wojen o swoje granice. Największe zagrożenie stanowiła bolszewicka Rosja, która 7go, lutego 1919 rozpoczęła nieudaną ofensywę pod hasłem „Cel Wisła,” tak, że pierwsza regularna bitwa między odradzającą się armią polską i Armią Czerwoną została wygrana przez Polaków pod Berezą Kartuską 12 lutego, 1919. Natomiast 28, czerwca, 1919, został podpisany w Wersalu, traktat pokojowy z Niemcami. W imieniu Polski podpisali Roman Dmowski i Ignacy Paderewski.
Pod koniec sierpnia, 1919 roku, miasta takie jak Wilno, Mińsk Litewski i Lwów, zaludnione przeważnie przez Polaków, były w rękach wojsk polskich, dowodzonych przez oficerów, weteranów Pierwszej Wojny Świtowej w armii Austrii, Prus i Rosji. Wówczas Polacy oswobodzili Dźwińk-Duneburg na Lotwie, mimo stałych trudności w otrzymaniu broni z zachodu.
Przerażeni możliwością pochodu Armii Czerwonej na Zachód, członkowie „Najwyższej Rady Aliantów,” ogłosili 8go grudnia, 1919, bez wysyłania tej propozycji na piśmie do Moskwy, jako granicę Polsko-Bolszewicką t. zw. „linię Curzon’a,” która dawała Bolszewikom, Białystok i dalej szła według granicy z 1797 roku wzdłuż rzeki Bug, między Królestwem Pruskim i Rosją. W 1797 roku Lwów należał do Austrii i status Lwowa w tej pierwszej wersji „linii Curson’a” był zupełnie nie jasny.
Nadal w strachu przed pochodem Czerwonej Armii na zachód przygotowano następną wersję „linii Curzona,” ustalonej w oficjalnej propozycji Najwyższej Rady Aliantów, w Evian we Francji 10go lipca, 1920 roku. Wówczas wyraźnie stwierdzono, że Lwów wraz z całym województwem lwowski jest częścią Polski. Wersja z 10go lipca została sfałszowana w Londynie i datowana 11go lipca 1920go roku. W ten sposób fałszywa wersja „linii Curzon’a,” niby w imieniu „Najwyższej Rady Aliantów” była wysłana z Londynu rządowi Lenina. Fałsz z 11go lipca, 1920 roku, był częścią rozgrywki Anglii przeciwko Francji, kosztem Polski, alianta Francji.
Naturalnie brytyjska fałszywa wersja postanowienia w Evian, nie miała znaczenia po zwycięstwie polskim pod Warszawą i nad Niemnem w 1920 roku, ale niestety pozostała w archiwach rosyjskich, do użytku Stalina na konferencji w Teheranie w 1943 roku, w czasie budowy imperium republik sowieckich i państw satelickich.
Stalin, wcześniej jako członek Rady Wojenno-Rewolucyjnej w lecie 1920 roku, zaproponował, żeby Polska nie była republiką w Związku Sowieckim, ale republiką satelicką, tak jak to miało miejsce ponad dwadzieścia lat później, kiedy Stalin tego dokonał tego w czasie Drugiej Wojny Światowej. Plan satelickich republik na zachodzie Związku Sowieckiego był sformułowany w 1920tym roku, w czasie bitwy o Lwów, przez Józefa Salina, który był wówczas w dowództwie sowieckiego frontu południowo zachodniego, pod generałem Aleksandrem Jegorowem.
Front Jewgorowa składał się z Pierwszej Armii Konnej oraz 12tej i 14tej armii i nie wykonał rozkazu z 15 sierpnia i nie atakował na zachód oraz nie wspomagał z południa, ataku na Warszawę, armii generała Mikhaiła Tukhaczevsky’ego. Dowiedział się o tym stanie rzeczy Józef Piłsudski dzięki złamaniu szyfrów sowieckich, przy pomocy późniejszych profesorów Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Mazurkiewicza i Sierpińskiego. Dokonał tego porucznik Jan Kowalewski i został udekorowany krzyżem Virtuti Militari w 1921 roku.
Dzięki wzmocnieniu 5 Armii gen. Władysłwa Sikorskiego przez Polską Brygadę Syberyjską, a zwłaszcza doborową 18 DP generała Franciszka Krajowskiego, udało się powstrzymać natarcie 3 i 15 armii sowieckich w rejonie Modlina. Armia Sikorskiego była zagrożona atakierm od północy przez 4 Armię sowiecką generała Szuwajewa.
Około 12tej w nocy 13go sierpnia, zagon 203 pułku ułanów, pod rotmistrzem Podhorodeckim, zniszczył radiostację 4 Armii Szuwajewa. Pozbawiona łączności z Tuchaczewskim, zamiast uderzyć na odsłoniętą flankę Sikorskiego, działając według starych planów, armia ta atakowała przez Wisłę na zachód, żeby Lenin mógł oferować Niemcom zabór pruski, w zamian za komunistyczny rząd w Berlinie. Później, ocalenie 5 Armii Sikorskiego od ataku 4tej Armii generała Szuwajewa, Tuchaczewski przypisywał „wyjątkowemu szczęściu.”
Armia Czerwona rozpoczęła atak na Pragę 13go sierpnia, 14go zdobyła miasto Radzymin po krwawej bitwie. Zamiast atakować Radzymin przed południem 15go sierpnia, według wcześniejszych rozkazów, dowódca batalionu karabinów maszynowych pułku Strzelców Kaniowskich, porucznik Stefan Pogonowski, zaatakował ogniem karabinów maszynowych, o pierwszej nad ranem, ze wzniesienia Wólki Radzymińskiej, mijające go z południa i z północy dywizje Czerwonej Armii, idące forsownym marszem nocnym na Warszawę.
W nocy, w zamieszaniu spowodowanym atakiem Pogonowskiego, wywiązała się chaotyczna walka między dywizjami sowieckimi, które zamiast wejść na ulice Pragi, popadły w popłoch i zaczęły masowy odwrót od Warszawy, na wschód, po trupach większości żołnierzy na Wólce Radzymińskiej. Z rana, 15 sierpnia, miasto Radzymin ponownie było zajęte przez cofających się bolszewików. Wieczorem 15go Polacy zajęli Radzymin. Stało się to przed uderzeniem Piłsudskiego z nad Wieprza, którą to rzekę, wojska Piłsudskiego przekroczyły 16go sierpnia 1920 roku i zaczęły forsowne marsze na północny wschód w atmosferze zwycięstwa, zamiast fatalnych skutków dla duch w wojsku, jakie stanowiłaby wówczas obecność wojsk sowieckich w Warszawie, jak to planował generał Tuchaczewski.
Wówczas generał Sikorski zaczął atakować używając taktyk „blitzkrieg’u,” za pomocą artylerii na dwóch pociągach pancernych, i oddziałów zmotoryzowanych, wyposażonych w czołgi Ft-17 i samochody pancerne. W dniu 18go sierpnia w Mińsku Litewskim generał Tuchaczewski zarządził odwrót. Tym czasem jego generał Bżyszkian, dowódca 3go korpusu kawalerii, dalej atakował na zachód przez Pomorze, w celu zajęcia zaboru pruskiego, według wcześniejszych rozkazów. Straty sowieckie wynosiły 15,000 zabitych, 500 zaginionych, 10,000 rannych i 65,000 wziętych do niewoli, oraz 231 armat i 1,023 karabinów maszynowych.
W sprawie Lwowa, 23 lata później, żądania Stalina były popierane w 1943 roku przez zdrajców Polski, Churchilla i Roosevelt’a. Natomiast rządy USA i W. Brytanii były przeciwne polskiej granicy na Nysie Łużyckiej, proponowanej przez Stalina, który wówczas budował sowieckie imperium państw satelickich. Churchill i Roosevelt, naprzód chcieli dać Niemcom większość Śląska, a potem bezskutecznie upierali się, żeby granica Polski z Niemcami przebiegała dalej na wschód, wzdłuż Nysy Kłodzkiej.
Między-wojenna postawa Paryża ukształtowała się pod wrażeniem strat francuskich w zabitych i w rannych w czasie Pierwszej Wojny Światowej, które stanowiły blisko 12% blisko czterdziestu milionów ludności Francji. Ludność Francji nie chciała się narażać na ponowne straty, zwłaszcza w formie poparcia zbrojnego Polski przeciwko agresji niemieckiej. Podobny nastrój panował w W. Brytanii po podpisaniu traktatu wspólnej obrony z Polską 25 sierpnia, 1939 roku. Blisko 70% najlepszych wojsk niemieckich walczyło w Polsce we wrześniu 1939 w czasie, kiedy Francja miała 105 dywizji i więcej broni pancernej niż Niemcy, ale wówczas Francja nie miała ducha do walki i nie przygotowała się do ataku na teren Niemiec.
Odpowiedź na pytanie, dlaczego wojska sowieckie rozpoczęły inwazję Polski w dniu 17 września, 1939, jest w Polsce powszechnie nieznana. Ludziom jest trudno myśleć o wielkiej grze na światową skalę, zwłaszcza, że Związek Sowiecki, a po nim Rosja, nie chce wyznać prawdy, że w styczniu 1939 roku, Polska najprawdopodobniej uratowała Związek Sowiecki od klęski, w chwili, kiedy rząd Polski odmówi Hitlerowi podpisania Paktu Anty-Kominternowskiego. Pakt ten Japonia podpisała już 26 listopada 1936 roku, a Włochy 6go listopada, 1937 roku. Japonia wysłała do Niemiec, 13 sierpnia, 1937 generała nazwiskiem Sawada, żeby wraz z Niemcami wywierał nacisk na przystąpienie Polski do Paktu Anty-Kominternowskiego. Wkrótce do tych starań przyłączyły się Włochy.
Natomiast Stalin, którego wojska walczyły z Japończykami od 1937 roku i staczały z nimi największe bitwy powietrzne w historii do tego czasu, miał nadzieję, że stając po stronie Hitlera, spowoduje Drugą Wojnę Światową i zdoła uwikłać Niemców w powtórkę wojny pozycyjnej z czasów Pierwszej Wojny Światowej. Stalin chciał zdobyć dosyć czasu na odbudowę Armii Czerwonej, w której jego własne czystki spowodowały śmierć 44,000 najbardziej doświadczonych oficerów.
Polska w tragicznej sytuacji stała wobec „misji dziejowej Hitler’a przyłączenia do Niemiec żyznych ziem Ukrainy” i jednocześnie eliminacji mieszkańców Polski i Ukrainy na rzecz „rasowych Niemców.” Józef Piłsudski wcześniej przekazał Polakom poprawną opinię, że „Polacy muszą unikać zbliżenia tak z Niemcami jak i z Rosją, w obronie niepodległego państwa polskiego na jego ziemiach historycznych.”
Rosja zagrażała Polakom brutalnymi morderstwami i stratą niepodległości, podczas gdy Niemcy hitlerowskie zagrażały likwidacją ludności polskiej, na jej historycznych ziemiach. Dlatego rząd polski odmówił przystąpienia się do paktu z Hitlerem, który w 1939 roku wywołał Drugą Wojnę Światową, napaścią na Polskę i uczynił to z pomocą Stalina. Hitler chciał uzyskać długą granicę ze Związkiem Sowieckim, konieczną dla spełnienia jego „misji dziejowej” podbojów na wschodzie.
Los Polski był smutny i nieunikniony z powodu położenia w środku Europy, między silniejszymi totalitarnymi sąsiadami Niemcami i Sowietami. Churchill i Roosevelt cynicznie zdradzili polskiego alianta już w 1943 roku. Natomiast Stalin dokonał na Polakach masowych mordów oraz pozbawił ich wolności na prawie pół wieku. Polska obecnie ma swoje ziemie historyczne zamieszkałe przez blisko 40 milionów Polaków, mimo bardzo bolesnych strat wojennych ponad 20% obywateli i połowy przedwojennego terytorium, włącznie ze Lwowem i Wilnem. Taki jest wynik Drugiej Wojny Światowej, która to wojna była rozpoczęta jakoby w obronie Polski.
Polska mogła się bronić, albo pozwolić na dominację przez Hitlera, który mógł naprzód korzystać ze zgody Polaków na przemarsz wojsk niemieckich albo z dobrowolnego udziału Polski w ataku Niemiec na Związek Sowiecki. Taki atak w 1939 roku prawdopodobnie spowodowałoby klęskę Sowietów i uniemożliwiłby Sowietom przygotowania do kluczowej bitwy sowiecko-japońskiej nad rzeką Kalką, w sierpniu 1939 roku.
Niestety mało znane są w Polsce takie fakty jak uznanie Hitlera za „zdrajcę Japonii” i protest Tokio w Berlinie przeciwko paktowi Ribbentrop-Mołotow w sierpniu, 1939, jak też uzyskanie przez Japonię obietnicy, że w cztery dni po początku pierwszej bitwy japońsko-amerykańskiej Hitler, zobowiązał się wypowiedzieć wojnę Stanom Zjednoczonym, w zamian za pomoc Japonii przeciwko Sowietom, w formie obiecanego ataku japońskiego na sowiecką armię syberyjską przez wojska japońskie. Japończycy nigdy tego ataku nie dokonali, ale Hitler tym razem dotrzymał słowa i wypowiedział wojnę przeciwko USA w dniu 11go grudnia 1941 roku.
Polska nie mogła uniknąć tragicznych strat, które poniosła, ponieważ wielka niemiecka ekspansja terytorialna na wschód mogła być dokonana tylko za pomocą likwidacji Polski na jej ziemiach historycznych. Niemcy nie chciały rezygnować z żadnej części byłego zaboru pruskiego. Dla Hitlera naturalną dalszą ekspansją była likwidacja państwa polskiego na jego historycznych ziemiach oraz przyłączenie czarnoziemu ukraińskiego do Niemiec, ale bez ludności słowiańskiej.
Hitler kazał aresztować działaczy ukraińskich i wywieźć ich do więzienia w bunkrze, na terenie obozu koncentracyjnego w Sachsenhausen pod Berlinem, w chwili, kiedy w 1941 roku, próbowali oni ogłosić wolną Ukrainę we Lwowie. Niestety możliwości strategiczne Polaków w 1939 roku były bardzo ograniczone i polska pomoc w niemieckim podboju Rosji nie miała żadnego sensu z polskiego punktu widzenia. Polacy wraz z Japonią mogli umożliwić wojskom Hitlera pokonanie Sowietów i zdobycie przez niego zasobów energetycznych Bliskiego Wschodu bez istnienia frontu zachodniego. Wówczas kilkuletnia przerwa w działaniach wojennych mogła dać czas Hitlerowi na wprowadzenie w życie jego planów ekspansji na wschód.
Po zdradzie przez Hitlera paktu z Japonią i zawarciu paktu Ribbentrop-Mołotow, Japończycy zaczęli pertraktacje o zawieszenie broni z Sowietami na froncie syberyjskim, gdzie ponosili duże straty. Sowieci zamiast atakować Polskę 1go września, wspólnie z Niemcami, podpisali zawieszenie broni z Japonią 15go września, 1939, 16go września zawieszenie broni weszło w życie i 17go września 1939 Armia Czerwona rozpoczęła inwazję Polski, po pozbyciu się frontu sowiecko-japońskiego.
Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski
Sunday, May 31, 2009
Saturday, May 30, 2009
Europoseł PO Tadeusz Zwiefka musi odejsc, Polacy nie glosujmy na ludzi szkodzacych Polsce
Europoseł PO Tadeusz Zwiefka musi odejsc, Polacy nie glosujmy na ludzi szkodzacych Polsce
Tadeusz Zwiefka TEGO NIE POPIERAL A NAWET BLOKOWAL
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Klęska Polski w PE: Pilecki nie będzie patronem dnia ofiar totalitaryzmu
PILECKI Witold (1901-1948)pseudonyms „Witold", „Tomek", „Romek", conspirational surnames: „Tomasz Serafiński", „Roman Jezierski, „Leon Bryjak", „Jan Uznański", „Witold Smoliński", codename „T-IV"; officer of the Polish Army reserves, cofounder of the Polish Secret Army, voluntary prisoner of the KL Auschwitz, officer of the Main Headquarters of the Home Army and “NIE”, political prisoner of the Stalinist period, the victim of a judiciary murder.
PILECKI Witold (1901-1948)pseudonimy „Witold", „Tomek", „Romek",nazwiska konspiracyjne: „Tomasz Serafiński", „Roman Jezierski, „Leon Bryjak", „Jan Uznański", „Witold Smoliński", kryptonim „T-IV";oficer rezerwy Wojska Polskiego, współzałożyciel Tajnej Armii Polskiej, dobrowolny więzień KL Auschwitz, oficer Komendy Głównej Armii Krajowej i „NIE", więzień polityczny okresu stalinowskiego, ofiara mordu sądowego.
Bohater Europy – rotmistrz Witold Pilecki
Marcin Wawrzyniak
W tysiącletniej historii naszego Narodu jest wielu autentycznych bohaterów, którzy poświęceniem dla dobra Ojczyzny i bliźnich, a także bezgraniczną odwagą, dali wyraz najwyższego człowieczeństwa. Wielu z nich doczekało się spiżowego pomnika, na trwałe wpisując się w tożsamość Polaków. Są jednak i tacy, których z historii próbowano wymazać, a pamięć o nich karać więzieniem. Osobą-symbolem tych tragicznych bohaterów jest rotmistrz Witold Pilecki – najodważniejszy żołnierz II wojny światowej.
Rok 2008 upływa pod znakiem 60-tej rocznicy dokonania zbrodni na Witoldzie Pileckim, rotmistrzu kawalerii Wojska Polskiego, żołnierzu Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego i organizatorze ruchu oporu w niemieckim obozie koncentracyjnym Auschwitz-Birkenau, skazanym przez władze Polski Ludowej na karę śmierci. Witold Pilecki jest symbolem całego pokolenia żołnierzy wyklętych, którzy najpierw broniąc Naród przed fizyczną eksterminacją z rąk hitlerowców, po 1945 roku stanęli do walki z nowym, sowieckim okupantem. Rotmistrz Pilecki to bohater uosabiający uniwersalne cnoty, jak uczciwość, szlachetność, honor, odwaga i umiłowanie Ojczyzny. Na nich których ufundowana jest cywilizacja łacińska. Szczególnie dziś, w czasach moralnego i etycznego relatywizmu oraz dominacji fałszywych autorytetów, Polska i Europa powinny przypomnieć sobie o prawdziwym bohaterze.
Urodził się 13 maja 1901 roku w Ołońcu koło jeziora Ładoga, w północnej Rosji, jako wnuk zesłańca po powstaniu styczniowym. Pochodził ze szlacheckiej rodziny, pieczętującej się herbem Leliwa, od pokoleń mieszkającej na Litwie. Swój szlak bojowy rozpoczął walcząc w wojnie polsko-bolszewickiej. Brał udział w obronie Grodna, walczył w bitwie warszawskiej, a później wyzwalał Wilno, za co został dwukrotnie odznaczony Krzyżem Walecznych. Po wybuchu II wojny światowej, walczył w szeregach 19 Dywizji Piechoty WP, rozwiązując swój pluton dopiero 17 października 1939 r. Przeszedł do konspiracji. 9 listopada 1939 roku w Warszawie Pilecki, Włodarkiewicz i kilku innych oficerów założyli jedną z pierwszych wojskowych organizacji konspiracyjnych pod nazwą Tajna Armia Polska, podporządkowaną później Związkowi Walki Zbrojnej. Gdy latem 1940 r. dotarły do Warszawy pierwsze wiadomości o organizowanym przez Niemców obozie koncentracyjnym KL Auschwitz,
Pilecki zgłosił majorowi Włodarkiewiczowi projekt swojego dobrowolnego pójścia do obozu dla przesyłania raportów o sytuacji oraz stworzenia tam zakonspirowanej organizacji oporu wśród więźniów. 19 września 1940 podczas łapanki pozwolił aresztować się Niemcom. Do obozu trafił w nocy z 21 na 22 września 1940 roku wraz z tzw. drugim transportem warszawskim. Otrzymał numer obozowy 4859. Prawdopodobnie był jedynym ochotnikiem w historii II Wojny Światowej, który poszedł do Oświęcimia świadomie i dobrowolnie. Pod przybranym nazwiskiem, jako Tomasz Serafiński stał się głównym organizatorem ruchu oporu w KL Auschwitz, a założona przez niego organizacja Związek Organizacji Wojskowej liczyła przeszło 1000 konspiratorów (należał do niej m.in. rzeźbiarz Xawery Dunikowski). Zamiarem Pileckiego było połączenie wszystkich grup konspiracyjnych i przygotowanie powstania w obozie. ZOW organizowała samopomoc dla więźniów, akcje dożywiania, tajną służbę lekarską oraz przekazywała wiadomości z zewnątrz. Pilecki opracowywał regularne sprawozdania przesłane później do dowództwa w Warszawie i dalej na Zachód. Jego raport był jednym z głównych, jak nie jedynym źródeł wiedzy Aliantów o sytuacji w KL Auschwitz. Po 1942 roku jednym z zadań konspiracji było organizowanie ucieczek z obozu, z których około 200 zakończyło się sukcesem. W jednej z nich w nocy z 26 na 27 kwietnia 1943 r. uciekł Pilecki. Wkrótce po tym skontaktował się z oddziałami AK. W okresie 1943-1944 służył w oddziale III Kedywu KG AK. Wielokrotnie apelował do władz konspiracyjnych o przeprowadzenie zbrojnego ataku na KL Auschwitz i oswobodzenie więźniów. Nie było to jednak wykonalne siłami Armii Krajowej.W Warszawie skontaktował się z rodzinami kilkunastu więźniów i uzyskał dla nich zapomogi z funduszów AK. Pomagał im też w życiowych sprawach. Wkrótce po tym zaczął pracować nad utworzeniem nowej organizacji – NIE, przygotowywanej w przewidywaniu sowieckiej okupacji Polski. Po wybuchu powstania warszawskiego Pilecki ochotniczo (oficerowie NIE byli wyłączeni z walk powstańczych) wstąpił do I batalionu zgrupowania Chrobry II. Później, jako dowódca 2. Kompanii walczył w rejonie Dworca Pocztowego, w tzw. Reducie Witolda, jednej z najdłużej bronionych redut powstańczych. 5 października 1944 r. jako jeniec trafił do oflagu VII A w Murnau, gdzie przebywał do wyzwolenia obozu. Pomimo zakończenia wojny Pilecki pozostał w konspiracji. Zgłosił się do 2. Korpusu Polskiego gen. Władysława Andersa we Włoszech z prośbą o możliwość pełnienia dalszej służby w kraju. Jak sam miał powiedzieć: „"po Powstaniu ja też znalazłem się po tamtej stronie a rozumiałem dobrze, że obowiązkiem moim jest być tu w Kraju [jakkolwiek mnie tam było lepiej], gdyż wynikało to z obowiązków nowej pracy i nowo złożonej przysięgi". W tym czasie Polskę terroryzowały komunistyczne UB, KBW, Informacja Wojskowa, wspierane przez NKWD i Smiersz. Ostrze represji skierowano przeciwko ruchowi niepodległościowemu, szczególnie żołnierzom Armii Krajowej. W takiej sytuacji, wierny przysiędze, zaczął organizować swoją siatkę informacyjną. Mieszkał w Warszawie w różnych miejscach. W wolnym czasie gromadził materiały o Oświęcimiu, przygotowywał książkę. We wrześniu 1946 r. powierzono mu zadanie rozwiązania oddziałów leśnych i pomocy szczególnie narażonym osobom w legalizacji swojej sytuacji lub ucieczce na Zachód. Sam wielokrotnie odmawiał opuszczenia Polski, sprzeciwiając się nawet rozkazowi gen. Andersa. Pętla wokół Pileckiego zaczęła się coraz bardziej zaciskać.
8 maja 1947 Witold Pilecki został aresztowany w Warszawie. UB natychmiast aresztowało kolejne 23 osoby. Grupa musiała być o dłuższego czasu rozpracowywana. Pilecki trafił do pawilonu X więzienia mokotowskiego przy ul. Rakowieckiej. Śledztwo w jego sprawie prowadził cieszący się sławą okrutnika i kata płk. Różański. Według relacji kilku więźniów, Pilecki miał zdarte paznokcie, nie mógł utrzymać prosto głowy, skłaniał się chodząc. Jednak to go nie złamało. Nikogo nie wydał, do końca zachował honor oficera Wojska Polskiego. 3 marca 1948 r. przed Sądem Wojskowym w Warszawie rozpoczął się proces tzw. „Grupy Witolda”. Rotmistrza Pileckiego oskarżono o m.in. prowadzenie działalności szpiegowskiej na rzecz Andersa, przygotowywanie zamachu na dygnitarzy MBP oraz nielegalne posiadanie broni. Składowi sędziowskiemu przewodniczył ppłk. Jan Hryckowian, a oskarżał prokurator wojskowy Czesław Łapiński (obaj byli dawnymi oficerami AK). Proces miał charakter pokazowy. 15 maja 1948 roku rotmistrz Witold Pilecki został skazany na karę śmierci. Po wysłuchaniu wyroku Pilecki powiedział: „a więcej nikogo nie wzięli. Ja już żyć nie mogę, mnie wykończono. Bo Oświęcim to była igraszka”. Pilecki oraz jego małżonka Maria wystąpili o łaskę do „prezydenta” Bolesława Bieruta, agenta NKWD. Bierut z aktu łaski nie skorzystał. O odmowę poprosił go ówczesny premier Józef Cyrankiewicz. Prawdopodobnie bał się, że Pilecki ujawni prawdę o jego działalności w obozie, gdzie Cyrankiewicz miał być konfidentem donoszącym na współwięźniów. Prawda mogła zaszkodzić wizerunkowi Cyrankiewicza, z którego powojenna propaganda uczyniła głównego organizatora i bohatera konspiracji w KL Auschwitz. Do swojego współwięźnia, ks. Czajkowskiego, Pilecki powiedział, że: „jeżeli Cyrankiewicz dowie się o moim [tu] pobycie – będę zgładzony”. Jak się później okazało, od października 1956 ten wieloletni premier PRL blokował wszystkie wysiłki córki Pileckiego, Zofii, walczącej o rehabilitację ojca. Stan ten utrzymywał się jeszcze długo po śmierci Cyrankiewicza, do roku 1990.
Wieczorem 25 maja 1948 r. w starej kotłowni więzienia mokotowskiego przy ul. Rakowieckiej, wykonano wyrok śmierci na rotmistrzu Witoldzie Pileckim, strzałem w tył głowy. Pozostawił żonę, córkę i syna. Miejsce pochówku Rotmistrza do dziś pozostaje nieznane. Prawdopodobnie zwłoki zakopano na wysypisku śmieci pod murem Cmentarza Powązkowskiego (kwatera Ł – łączka, miejsce pochówku wielu ofiar mordów sądowych czasów stalinowskich). Do końca PRL informacje o losach i dokonaniach Witolda Pileckiego podlegały najostrzejszej cenzurze, porównywalnej ze sprawą Katynia.Wyrok w sprawie Witolda Pileckiego anulowano dopiero 1 października 1990 roku. 30 lipca 2006 roku Prezydent RP Lech Kaczyński odznaczył pośmiertnie rtm. Witolda Pileckiego Orderem Orła Białego. 7 maja 2008 r. Senat RP przyjął uchwałę w sprawie przywrócenia pamięci zbiorowej Polaków bohaterskiej postaci rotmistrza Witolda Pileckiego. Z treści uchwały wynika jednoznacznie, że Witold Pilecki „[…] jest godnym naśladowania wzorem Polaka”, a jego ścieżka życiowa stawia rotmistrza „[…] wśród najodważniejszych ludzi na świecie i powinna stać się dla Europy i świata wzorem bohaterstwa oraz symbolem oporu przeciw systemom totalitarnym”. Jak jednak słusznie senatorowie zauważyli „[…] niemal udało się zniszczyć pamięć o nim, […] a młode pokolenie nadal zbyt mało wie o Witoldzie Pileckim”. Uchwałę puentuje wezwanie, że „[…] pamięć o nim powinna być jednym z elementów budujących zbiorową tożsamość Polaków”. Ponieważ „[…] całe życie Witolda Pileckiego jest wzorem, jak żyć i jak – jeśli trzeba – umierać za Ojczyznę”.
W książce "Six Faces of Courage", opublikowanej w 1971 roku, historyk brytyjski prof. Michael Foot zaliczył rotmistrza Witolda Pileckiego do sześciu najodważniejszych ludzi ruchu oporu w okresie II wojny światowej.
Każdy z nas powinien wspomnieć Witolda Pileckiego i podziękować rotmistrzowi za wspaniałą lekcję patriotyzmu, honoru, odwagi oraz niezłomności, jakiej ten udzielił nam, ponosząc za to największą ofiarę. Chwała bohaterowi!
Zdjęcia i cytaty pochodzą ze strony internetowej:www.powstanie-warszawskie-1944.ac.pl/biog_pilecki.htm
W europarlamencie przepadł pomysł by polski bohater, rotmistrz Witold Pilecki został patronem Międzynarodowego Dnia Bohaterów Walki z Totalitaryzmem – dowiedział się serwis tvp.info.
O to, by takie święto obchodzono 25 maja, w rocznicę egzekucji bohatera zabiegali europosłowie PiS, m.in. Hanna Foltyn-Kubicka. Ideę święta wpisali w projekt rezolucji PE „Sumienie Europy a totalitaryzm”. Wypadła ona jednak z kompromisowego tekstu wynegocjowanego m.in. przez przedstawicieli UEN (frakcji, w której jest PiS), EPP (frakcji w której jest PO) i liberałów (frakcji, w której jest Partia Demokratyczna).
- Było mi bardzo przykro, ale niestety nie dało się nic zrobić. Nie było zgody wśród innych frakcji na ten pomysł – mówi tvp.info prof. Wojciech Roszkowski (PiS).
Rotmistrz Witold Pilecki to legendarny żołnierz podziemia z okresu II wojny światowej. Z własnej inicjatywy trafił do obozu koncentracyjnego w Auschwitz, gdzie organizował ruch oporu. Po ucieczce z obozu walczył w powstaniu warszawskim. W 1947 został schwytany przez komunistyczne władze, osądzony w pokazowym procesie, skazany na karę śmieci i stracony. Na jego skazanie naciskał ówczesny premier Józef Cyrankiewicz. Polityk również był więźniem Auschwitz i próbował przypisywać sobie obozowe zasługi Pileckiego.
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Porozumienie Organizacji Kombatanckich i Niepodległościowych w Krakowie wzywa wszystkich polskich eurodeputowanych, którzy nie poparli 2 kwietnia podczas głosowania w Parlamencie Europejskim zgłoszonych przez Hannę Foltyn-Kubicką poprawek do rezolucji “Świadomość europejska a totalitaryzm” – mających na celu wpisanie rotmistrza Witolda Pileckiego do tekstu dokumentu oraz ustanowienie dnia 25 maja (rocznicy jego śmierci) Europejskim Dniem Bohaterów Walki z Totalitaryzmem – do publicznego ogłoszenia rezygnacji z dalszego udziału w życiu politycznym….
Czy logo frakcji jest ważniejsze niż Godło Rzeczpospolitej? Czyli o głosowaniu w sprawie Rotmistrza Witolda Pileckiego.
Wielokrotnie twierdziłam, iż polscy posłowie do Parlamentu Europejskiego potrafią, w sprawach ważnych dla Polski, zakopać partyjne podziały i wspólnie walczyć o ważne dla Polski cele. Nie ukrywam, iż świadomość tego faktu była dla mnie ważna. Byłam z tego powodu dumna. Do niedawna…
Obywatele zarzucają politykom, że ci nie dotrzymują danego słowa. W wielu krajach opowiadane są mniej lub bardziej zabawne dowcipy o politykach, którym przez pomyłkę zdarzyło się dotrzymać słowa. Jak dotąd podchodziłam do tego typu stwierdzeń jak do każdego innego stereotypu. Oczywiście jest w tym ziarno prawdy, niemniej takie generalizowanie jest naiwne i krzywdzące, przez co nie uchodzi ludziom na pewnym poziomie. Teraz jednak, po głosowaniu nad moimi poprawkami, dotyczącymi ustanowienia rocznicy śmierci Rotmistrza Witolda Pileckiego dniem Walki Bohaterów z Totalitaryzmami widzę, iż bardzo często deklaracje, zarówno publiczne, jak i te składane w zupełnie prywatnych rozmowach przez kolegów parlamentarzystów, nie warte były energii wydatkowanej na poruszanie szczękami.
Zaledwie kilkoro spośród polskich posłów do parlamentu Europejskiego nie zrzeszonych w Grupie Unii na Rzecz Europy Narodów zagłosowało za uczczeniem pamięci wybitnego Polaka. Człowieka, który w poświęceniu dla wielu narodów dobrowolnie wszedł do piekła na ziemi, jakim był obóz zagłady Auschwitz. W późniejszych wypowiedziach prasowych posłowie Kaczmarek i Rosati, którzy poparli poprawki, twierdzili, iż wielu posłów zagłosowało przeciw ze względu na toczącą się w Polsce dyskusję, dotyczącą przeszłości Lecha Wałęsy. (patrz: Pilecki w cieniu sporu o Lecha Walęsę >>)Panowie wybaczą, ale dawno nie słyszałam o czymś równie irracjonalnym.
Prawda jest natomiast taka, iż zagłosowali według instrukcji grupy politycznej, choć mieli świadomość, że nie grożą im za to żadne konsekwencje ze strony swoich frakcji. Z parlamentarzystów należących do PO wyłamali się tylko Małgorzata Handzlik i Filip Kaczmarek, na lewicy Dariusz Rosati i Bogdan Golik. Najwyraźniej inni wyżej cenili logo frakcji w której zasiadają, niż Godło z Orłem Białym, którym pośmiertnie odznaczony został Rotmistrz Pilecki. Co ciekawe, za upamiętnieniem rotmistrza było wielu posłów z np. Wielkiej Brytanii – a przecież oni również dostali wytyczne grupy...
Chciałabym jeszcze raz podziękować wszystkim, którzy poparli moją inicjatywę i mam nadzieję, że wykażą się większą chęcią do współpracy w przyszłości – bo w kwestii Rotmistrza Pileckiego jest jeszcze bardzo dużo do zrobienia…
P.S. klikając na ten link można zapoznać się ze szczegółowymi wynikami głosowań.
Z inicjatywy Zarządu Głównego Towarzystwa Opieki nad Oświęcimiem z siedzibą w Oświęcimiu wraz oraz Państwowego Muzeum Auschwitz — Birkenau obok „Koryznówki” w Nowym Wiśniczu odsłonięta zostanie Tablica Pamięci poświęcona rtm. Witoldowi Pileckiemu. W bieżącym roku przypada 65. rocznica słynnej ucieczki Witołda Piłeckiego z obozu oraz 60. rocznica Jego śmierci. Odsłonięcie tablicy zaplanowane zostało na 13 czerwca, w czasie obchodów uroczystości związanej z I Transportem Polskich Więźniów Politycznych z Tarnowa do obozu w Oświęcimiu. 20 czerwca 1940 roku przywieziono z Nowego Wiśnicza do Auschwitz drugi transport polskich więźniów politycznych. Chcąc powiązać wspomniane wydarzenia, grupa byłych więźniów KL Auschwitz uczestniczących w uroczystościach w Tarnowie weźmie udział w odsłonięciu wspomnianej Tablicy w Nowym Wiśniczu.za http://umwisnicz.home.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=875&Itemid=2Prosimy o pisanie protestow do Platformy Obywatelskiej I Rzadu Donalda Tuska w obronie Radia Maryja I profesora Jerzego Roberta Nowaka.Biuro Krajowe POul.Andersa 21, 00-159 Warszawatel.: (0 prefix 22) 635-78-79, (0 prefix 22) 831-55-07fax: (0 prefix 22) 635-76-41Instytut Obywatelski PO RPCzynny od poniedziałku do piątku w godz. 9-17ul. Marszałkowska 87 lok. 85, 00-683 Warszawatel. 22 402 42 01 wew 116fax 22 402 42 01 wew 113Redakcja serwisu Platforma.orgul. Marszałkowska 87 lok. 85tel.: (0 prefix 22) 402 42 03Okręg wyborczy nr 1 obejmuje obszar województwa pomorskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Gdańsk.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. Grunwaldzka 8280-244 Gdańsk(58) 741 61 50Okręg wyborczy nr 2 obejmuje obszar województwa kujawsko-pomorskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Bydgoszcz.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. Gdańska 31/685-005 Bydgoszcz(52) 322 65 56; fax. (52) 327 01 05Okręg wyborczy nr 3 obejmuje obszar województwa podlaskiego i województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Olsztyn.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. Bałtycka 210-136 Olsztyn(89) 535 05 87Okręg wyborczy nr 4 obejmuje obszar części województwa mazowieckiego: m. st. Warszawy oraz powiatów: grodziskiego, legionowskiego, nowodworskiego, otwockiego, piaseczyńskiego, pruszkowskiego, warszawskiego zachodniego i wołomińskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Warszawa.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POal. Jerozolimskie 3000-024 Warszawa(22) 621 34 45; fax. (22) 621 57 81Okręg wyborczy nr 5 obejmuje obszar części województwa mazowieckiego: powiatów- ciechanowskiego, gostynińskiego, mławskiego, płockiego, płońskiego, przasnyskiego, sierpeckiego, sochaczewskiego, żuromińskiego, żyrardowskiego, białobrzeskiego, grójeckiego, kozienickiego, lipskiego, przysuskiego, radomskiego, szydłowieckiego, zwoleńskiego, garwolińskiego, łosickiego, makowskiego, mińskiego, ostrołęckiego, ostrowskiego, pułtuskiego, siedleckiego, sokołowskiego, węgrowskiego, wyszkowskiego oraz miast na prawach powiatu - Płock, Radom, Ostrołęka i Siedlce.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Warszawa.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POal. Jerozolimskie 3000-024 Warszawa(22) 621 34 45; fax. (22) 621 57 81Okręg wyborczy nr 6 obejmuje obszar województwa łódzkiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Łódź.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. Piotrkowska 6190 - 417 Łódź(42) 636 23 11Okręg wyborczy nr 7 obejmuje obszar województwa wielkopolskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Poznań.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. Zwierzyniecka 1360-813 Poznań(61) 842 72 23, fax. (61) 842 72 38Okręg wyborczy nr 8 obejmuje obszar województwa lubelskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Lublin.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 10/520-002 Lublin(81) 534 67 26Okręg wyborczy nr 9 obejmuje obszar województwa podkarpackiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Rzeszów.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. Ks. Jałowego 10/735-010 Rzeszów(17) 862 91 10Okręg wyborczy nr 10 obejmuje obszar województwa małopolskiego i województwa świętokrzyskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Kraków.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. Gertrudy 26/2931-048 Kraków(12) 421 05 33, (12) 421 46 61Okręg wyborczy nr 11 obejmuje obszar województwa śląskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Katowice.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. 3 Maja 17/240-097 Katowice (32) 259 72 92Okręg wyborczy nr 12 obejmuje obszar województwa dolnośląskiego i województwa opolskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Wrocław.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. Oławska 250-123 Wrocław(71) 344 39 39Okręg wyborczy nr 13 obejmuje obszar województwa lubuskiego i województwa zachodniopomorskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Gorzów Wielkopolski.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POal. Papieża Jana Pawła II 11/270-415 Szczecin(91) 433 89 59Alex Lech BajanWashington DC
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Klęska Polski w PE: Pilecki nie będzie patronem dnia ofiar totalitaryzmu
PILECKI Witold (1901-1948)pseudonyms „Witold", „Tomek", „Romek", conspirational surnames: „Tomasz Serafiński", „Roman Jezierski, „Leon Bryjak", „Jan Uznański", „Witold Smoliński", codename „T-IV"; officer of the Polish Army reserves, cofounder of the Polish Secret Army, voluntary prisoner of the KL Auschwitz, officer of the Main Headquarters of the Home Army and “NIE”, political prisoner of the Stalinist period, the victim of a judiciary murder.
PILECKI Witold (1901-1948)pseudonimy „Witold", „Tomek", „Romek",nazwiska konspiracyjne: „Tomasz Serafiński", „Roman Jezierski, „Leon Bryjak", „Jan Uznański", „Witold Smoliński", kryptonim „T-IV";oficer rezerwy Wojska Polskiego, współzałożyciel Tajnej Armii Polskiej, dobrowolny więzień KL Auschwitz, oficer Komendy Głównej Armii Krajowej i „NIE", więzień polityczny okresu stalinowskiego, ofiara mordu sądowego.
Bohater Europy – rotmistrz Witold Pilecki
Marcin Wawrzyniak
W tysiącletniej historii naszego Narodu jest wielu autentycznych bohaterów, którzy poświęceniem dla dobra Ojczyzny i bliźnich, a także bezgraniczną odwagą, dali wyraz najwyższego człowieczeństwa. Wielu z nich doczekało się spiżowego pomnika, na trwałe wpisując się w tożsamość Polaków. Są jednak i tacy, których z historii próbowano wymazać, a pamięć o nich karać więzieniem. Osobą-symbolem tych tragicznych bohaterów jest rotmistrz Witold Pilecki – najodważniejszy żołnierz II wojny światowej.
Rok 2008 upływa pod znakiem 60-tej rocznicy dokonania zbrodni na Witoldzie Pileckim, rotmistrzu kawalerii Wojska Polskiego, żołnierzu Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego i organizatorze ruchu oporu w niemieckim obozie koncentracyjnym Auschwitz-Birkenau, skazanym przez władze Polski Ludowej na karę śmierci. Witold Pilecki jest symbolem całego pokolenia żołnierzy wyklętych, którzy najpierw broniąc Naród przed fizyczną eksterminacją z rąk hitlerowców, po 1945 roku stanęli do walki z nowym, sowieckim okupantem. Rotmistrz Pilecki to bohater uosabiający uniwersalne cnoty, jak uczciwość, szlachetność, honor, odwaga i umiłowanie Ojczyzny. Na nich których ufundowana jest cywilizacja łacińska. Szczególnie dziś, w czasach moralnego i etycznego relatywizmu oraz dominacji fałszywych autorytetów, Polska i Europa powinny przypomnieć sobie o prawdziwym bohaterze.
Urodził się 13 maja 1901 roku w Ołońcu koło jeziora Ładoga, w północnej Rosji, jako wnuk zesłańca po powstaniu styczniowym. Pochodził ze szlacheckiej rodziny, pieczętującej się herbem Leliwa, od pokoleń mieszkającej na Litwie. Swój szlak bojowy rozpoczął walcząc w wojnie polsko-bolszewickiej. Brał udział w obronie Grodna, walczył w bitwie warszawskiej, a później wyzwalał Wilno, za co został dwukrotnie odznaczony Krzyżem Walecznych. Po wybuchu II wojny światowej, walczył w szeregach 19 Dywizji Piechoty WP, rozwiązując swój pluton dopiero 17 października 1939 r. Przeszedł do konspiracji. 9 listopada 1939 roku w Warszawie Pilecki, Włodarkiewicz i kilku innych oficerów założyli jedną z pierwszych wojskowych organizacji konspiracyjnych pod nazwą Tajna Armia Polska, podporządkowaną później Związkowi Walki Zbrojnej. Gdy latem 1940 r. dotarły do Warszawy pierwsze wiadomości o organizowanym przez Niemców obozie koncentracyjnym KL Auschwitz,
Pilecki zgłosił majorowi Włodarkiewiczowi projekt swojego dobrowolnego pójścia do obozu dla przesyłania raportów o sytuacji oraz stworzenia tam zakonspirowanej organizacji oporu wśród więźniów. 19 września 1940 podczas łapanki pozwolił aresztować się Niemcom. Do obozu trafił w nocy z 21 na 22 września 1940 roku wraz z tzw. drugim transportem warszawskim. Otrzymał numer obozowy 4859. Prawdopodobnie był jedynym ochotnikiem w historii II Wojny Światowej, który poszedł do Oświęcimia świadomie i dobrowolnie. Pod przybranym nazwiskiem, jako Tomasz Serafiński stał się głównym organizatorem ruchu oporu w KL Auschwitz, a założona przez niego organizacja Związek Organizacji Wojskowej liczyła przeszło 1000 konspiratorów (należał do niej m.in. rzeźbiarz Xawery Dunikowski). Zamiarem Pileckiego było połączenie wszystkich grup konspiracyjnych i przygotowanie powstania w obozie. ZOW organizowała samopomoc dla więźniów, akcje dożywiania, tajną służbę lekarską oraz przekazywała wiadomości z zewnątrz. Pilecki opracowywał regularne sprawozdania przesłane później do dowództwa w Warszawie i dalej na Zachód. Jego raport był jednym z głównych, jak nie jedynym źródeł wiedzy Aliantów o sytuacji w KL Auschwitz. Po 1942 roku jednym z zadań konspiracji było organizowanie ucieczek z obozu, z których około 200 zakończyło się sukcesem. W jednej z nich w nocy z 26 na 27 kwietnia 1943 r. uciekł Pilecki. Wkrótce po tym skontaktował się z oddziałami AK. W okresie 1943-1944 służył w oddziale III Kedywu KG AK. Wielokrotnie apelował do władz konspiracyjnych o przeprowadzenie zbrojnego ataku na KL Auschwitz i oswobodzenie więźniów. Nie było to jednak wykonalne siłami Armii Krajowej.W Warszawie skontaktował się z rodzinami kilkunastu więźniów i uzyskał dla nich zapomogi z funduszów AK. Pomagał im też w życiowych sprawach. Wkrótce po tym zaczął pracować nad utworzeniem nowej organizacji – NIE, przygotowywanej w przewidywaniu sowieckiej okupacji Polski. Po wybuchu powstania warszawskiego Pilecki ochotniczo (oficerowie NIE byli wyłączeni z walk powstańczych) wstąpił do I batalionu zgrupowania Chrobry II. Później, jako dowódca 2. Kompanii walczył w rejonie Dworca Pocztowego, w tzw. Reducie Witolda, jednej z najdłużej bronionych redut powstańczych. 5 października 1944 r. jako jeniec trafił do oflagu VII A w Murnau, gdzie przebywał do wyzwolenia obozu. Pomimo zakończenia wojny Pilecki pozostał w konspiracji. Zgłosił się do 2. Korpusu Polskiego gen. Władysława Andersa we Włoszech z prośbą o możliwość pełnienia dalszej służby w kraju. Jak sam miał powiedzieć: „"po Powstaniu ja też znalazłem się po tamtej stronie a rozumiałem dobrze, że obowiązkiem moim jest być tu w Kraju [jakkolwiek mnie tam było lepiej], gdyż wynikało to z obowiązków nowej pracy i nowo złożonej przysięgi". W tym czasie Polskę terroryzowały komunistyczne UB, KBW, Informacja Wojskowa, wspierane przez NKWD i Smiersz. Ostrze represji skierowano przeciwko ruchowi niepodległościowemu, szczególnie żołnierzom Armii Krajowej. W takiej sytuacji, wierny przysiędze, zaczął organizować swoją siatkę informacyjną. Mieszkał w Warszawie w różnych miejscach. W wolnym czasie gromadził materiały o Oświęcimiu, przygotowywał książkę. We wrześniu 1946 r. powierzono mu zadanie rozwiązania oddziałów leśnych i pomocy szczególnie narażonym osobom w legalizacji swojej sytuacji lub ucieczce na Zachód. Sam wielokrotnie odmawiał opuszczenia Polski, sprzeciwiając się nawet rozkazowi gen. Andersa. Pętla wokół Pileckiego zaczęła się coraz bardziej zaciskać.
8 maja 1947 Witold Pilecki został aresztowany w Warszawie. UB natychmiast aresztowało kolejne 23 osoby. Grupa musiała być o dłuższego czasu rozpracowywana. Pilecki trafił do pawilonu X więzienia mokotowskiego przy ul. Rakowieckiej. Śledztwo w jego sprawie prowadził cieszący się sławą okrutnika i kata płk. Różański. Według relacji kilku więźniów, Pilecki miał zdarte paznokcie, nie mógł utrzymać prosto głowy, skłaniał się chodząc. Jednak to go nie złamało. Nikogo nie wydał, do końca zachował honor oficera Wojska Polskiego. 3 marca 1948 r. przed Sądem Wojskowym w Warszawie rozpoczął się proces tzw. „Grupy Witolda”. Rotmistrza Pileckiego oskarżono o m.in. prowadzenie działalności szpiegowskiej na rzecz Andersa, przygotowywanie zamachu na dygnitarzy MBP oraz nielegalne posiadanie broni. Składowi sędziowskiemu przewodniczył ppłk. Jan Hryckowian, a oskarżał prokurator wojskowy Czesław Łapiński (obaj byli dawnymi oficerami AK). Proces miał charakter pokazowy. 15 maja 1948 roku rotmistrz Witold Pilecki został skazany na karę śmierci. Po wysłuchaniu wyroku Pilecki powiedział: „a więcej nikogo nie wzięli. Ja już żyć nie mogę, mnie wykończono. Bo Oświęcim to była igraszka”. Pilecki oraz jego małżonka Maria wystąpili o łaskę do „prezydenta” Bolesława Bieruta, agenta NKWD. Bierut z aktu łaski nie skorzystał. O odmowę poprosił go ówczesny premier Józef Cyrankiewicz. Prawdopodobnie bał się, że Pilecki ujawni prawdę o jego działalności w obozie, gdzie Cyrankiewicz miał być konfidentem donoszącym na współwięźniów. Prawda mogła zaszkodzić wizerunkowi Cyrankiewicza, z którego powojenna propaganda uczyniła głównego organizatora i bohatera konspiracji w KL Auschwitz. Do swojego współwięźnia, ks. Czajkowskiego, Pilecki powiedział, że: „jeżeli Cyrankiewicz dowie się o moim [tu] pobycie – będę zgładzony”. Jak się później okazało, od października 1956 ten wieloletni premier PRL blokował wszystkie wysiłki córki Pileckiego, Zofii, walczącej o rehabilitację ojca. Stan ten utrzymywał się jeszcze długo po śmierci Cyrankiewicza, do roku 1990.
Wieczorem 25 maja 1948 r. w starej kotłowni więzienia mokotowskiego przy ul. Rakowieckiej, wykonano wyrok śmierci na rotmistrzu Witoldzie Pileckim, strzałem w tył głowy. Pozostawił żonę, córkę i syna. Miejsce pochówku Rotmistrza do dziś pozostaje nieznane. Prawdopodobnie zwłoki zakopano na wysypisku śmieci pod murem Cmentarza Powązkowskiego (kwatera Ł – łączka, miejsce pochówku wielu ofiar mordów sądowych czasów stalinowskich). Do końca PRL informacje o losach i dokonaniach Witolda Pileckiego podlegały najostrzejszej cenzurze, porównywalnej ze sprawą Katynia.Wyrok w sprawie Witolda Pileckiego anulowano dopiero 1 października 1990 roku. 30 lipca 2006 roku Prezydent RP Lech Kaczyński odznaczył pośmiertnie rtm. Witolda Pileckiego Orderem Orła Białego. 7 maja 2008 r. Senat RP przyjął uchwałę w sprawie przywrócenia pamięci zbiorowej Polaków bohaterskiej postaci rotmistrza Witolda Pileckiego. Z treści uchwały wynika jednoznacznie, że Witold Pilecki „[…] jest godnym naśladowania wzorem Polaka”, a jego ścieżka życiowa stawia rotmistrza „[…] wśród najodważniejszych ludzi na świecie i powinna stać się dla Europy i świata wzorem bohaterstwa oraz symbolem oporu przeciw systemom totalitarnym”. Jak jednak słusznie senatorowie zauważyli „[…] niemal udało się zniszczyć pamięć o nim, […] a młode pokolenie nadal zbyt mało wie o Witoldzie Pileckim”. Uchwałę puentuje wezwanie, że „[…] pamięć o nim powinna być jednym z elementów budujących zbiorową tożsamość Polaków”. Ponieważ „[…] całe życie Witolda Pileckiego jest wzorem, jak żyć i jak – jeśli trzeba – umierać za Ojczyznę”.
W książce "Six Faces of Courage", opublikowanej w 1971 roku, historyk brytyjski prof. Michael Foot zaliczył rotmistrza Witolda Pileckiego do sześciu najodważniejszych ludzi ruchu oporu w okresie II wojny światowej.
Każdy z nas powinien wspomnieć Witolda Pileckiego i podziękować rotmistrzowi za wspaniałą lekcję patriotyzmu, honoru, odwagi oraz niezłomności, jakiej ten udzielił nam, ponosząc za to największą ofiarę. Chwała bohaterowi!
Zdjęcia i cytaty pochodzą ze strony internetowej:www.powstanie-warszawskie-1944.ac.pl/biog_pilecki.htm
W europarlamencie przepadł pomysł by polski bohater, rotmistrz Witold Pilecki został patronem Międzynarodowego Dnia Bohaterów Walki z Totalitaryzmem – dowiedział się serwis tvp.info.
O to, by takie święto obchodzono 25 maja, w rocznicę egzekucji bohatera zabiegali europosłowie PiS, m.in. Hanna Foltyn-Kubicka. Ideę święta wpisali w projekt rezolucji PE „Sumienie Europy a totalitaryzm”. Wypadła ona jednak z kompromisowego tekstu wynegocjowanego m.in. przez przedstawicieli UEN (frakcji, w której jest PiS), EPP (frakcji w której jest PO) i liberałów (frakcji, w której jest Partia Demokratyczna).
- Było mi bardzo przykro, ale niestety nie dało się nic zrobić. Nie było zgody wśród innych frakcji na ten pomysł – mówi tvp.info prof. Wojciech Roszkowski (PiS).
Rotmistrz Witold Pilecki to legendarny żołnierz podziemia z okresu II wojny światowej. Z własnej inicjatywy trafił do obozu koncentracyjnego w Auschwitz, gdzie organizował ruch oporu. Po ucieczce z obozu walczył w powstaniu warszawskim. W 1947 został schwytany przez komunistyczne władze, osądzony w pokazowym procesie, skazany na karę śmieci i stracony. Na jego skazanie naciskał ówczesny premier Józef Cyrankiewicz. Polityk również był więźniem Auschwitz i próbował przypisywać sobie obozowe zasługi Pileckiego.
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Porozumienie Organizacji Kombatanckich i Niepodległościowych w Krakowie wzywa wszystkich polskich eurodeputowanych, którzy nie poparli 2 kwietnia podczas głosowania w Parlamencie Europejskim zgłoszonych przez Hannę Foltyn-Kubicką poprawek do rezolucji “Świadomość europejska a totalitaryzm” – mających na celu wpisanie rotmistrza Witolda Pileckiego do tekstu dokumentu oraz ustanowienie dnia 25 maja (rocznicy jego śmierci) Europejskim Dniem Bohaterów Walki z Totalitaryzmem – do publicznego ogłoszenia rezygnacji z dalszego udziału w życiu politycznym….
Czy logo frakcji jest ważniejsze niż Godło Rzeczpospolitej? Czyli o głosowaniu w sprawie Rotmistrza Witolda Pileckiego.
Wielokrotnie twierdziłam, iż polscy posłowie do Parlamentu Europejskiego potrafią, w sprawach ważnych dla Polski, zakopać partyjne podziały i wspólnie walczyć o ważne dla Polski cele. Nie ukrywam, iż świadomość tego faktu była dla mnie ważna. Byłam z tego powodu dumna. Do niedawna…
Obywatele zarzucają politykom, że ci nie dotrzymują danego słowa. W wielu krajach opowiadane są mniej lub bardziej zabawne dowcipy o politykach, którym przez pomyłkę zdarzyło się dotrzymać słowa. Jak dotąd podchodziłam do tego typu stwierdzeń jak do każdego innego stereotypu. Oczywiście jest w tym ziarno prawdy, niemniej takie generalizowanie jest naiwne i krzywdzące, przez co nie uchodzi ludziom na pewnym poziomie. Teraz jednak, po głosowaniu nad moimi poprawkami, dotyczącymi ustanowienia rocznicy śmierci Rotmistrza Witolda Pileckiego dniem Walki Bohaterów z Totalitaryzmami widzę, iż bardzo często deklaracje, zarówno publiczne, jak i te składane w zupełnie prywatnych rozmowach przez kolegów parlamentarzystów, nie warte były energii wydatkowanej na poruszanie szczękami.
Zaledwie kilkoro spośród polskich posłów do parlamentu Europejskiego nie zrzeszonych w Grupie Unii na Rzecz Europy Narodów zagłosowało za uczczeniem pamięci wybitnego Polaka. Człowieka, który w poświęceniu dla wielu narodów dobrowolnie wszedł do piekła na ziemi, jakim był obóz zagłady Auschwitz. W późniejszych wypowiedziach prasowych posłowie Kaczmarek i Rosati, którzy poparli poprawki, twierdzili, iż wielu posłów zagłosowało przeciw ze względu na toczącą się w Polsce dyskusję, dotyczącą przeszłości Lecha Wałęsy. (patrz: Pilecki w cieniu sporu o Lecha Walęsę >>)Panowie wybaczą, ale dawno nie słyszałam o czymś równie irracjonalnym.
Prawda jest natomiast taka, iż zagłosowali według instrukcji grupy politycznej, choć mieli świadomość, że nie grożą im za to żadne konsekwencje ze strony swoich frakcji. Z parlamentarzystów należących do PO wyłamali się tylko Małgorzata Handzlik i Filip Kaczmarek, na lewicy Dariusz Rosati i Bogdan Golik. Najwyraźniej inni wyżej cenili logo frakcji w której zasiadają, niż Godło z Orłem Białym, którym pośmiertnie odznaczony został Rotmistrz Pilecki. Co ciekawe, za upamiętnieniem rotmistrza było wielu posłów z np. Wielkiej Brytanii – a przecież oni również dostali wytyczne grupy...
Chciałabym jeszcze raz podziękować wszystkim, którzy poparli moją inicjatywę i mam nadzieję, że wykażą się większą chęcią do współpracy w przyszłości – bo w kwestii Rotmistrza Pileckiego jest jeszcze bardzo dużo do zrobienia…
P.S. klikając na ten link można zapoznać się ze szczegółowymi wynikami głosowań.
Z inicjatywy Zarządu Głównego Towarzystwa Opieki nad Oświęcimiem z siedzibą w Oświęcimiu wraz oraz Państwowego Muzeum Auschwitz — Birkenau obok „Koryznówki” w Nowym Wiśniczu odsłonięta zostanie Tablica Pamięci poświęcona rtm. Witoldowi Pileckiemu. W bieżącym roku przypada 65. rocznica słynnej ucieczki Witołda Piłeckiego z obozu oraz 60. rocznica Jego śmierci. Odsłonięcie tablicy zaplanowane zostało na 13 czerwca, w czasie obchodów uroczystości związanej z I Transportem Polskich Więźniów Politycznych z Tarnowa do obozu w Oświęcimiu. 20 czerwca 1940 roku przywieziono z Nowego Wiśnicza do Auschwitz drugi transport polskich więźniów politycznych. Chcąc powiązać wspomniane wydarzenia, grupa byłych więźniów KL Auschwitz uczestniczących w uroczystościach w Tarnowie weźmie udział w odsłonięciu wspomnianej Tablicy w Nowym Wiśniczu.za http://umwisnicz.home.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=875&Itemid=2Prosimy o pisanie protestow do Platformy Obywatelskiej I Rzadu Donalda Tuska w obronie Radia Maryja I profesora Jerzego Roberta Nowaka.Biuro Krajowe POul.Andersa 21, 00-159 Warszawatel.: (0 prefix 22) 635-78-79, (0 prefix 22) 831-55-07fax: (0 prefix 22) 635-76-41Instytut Obywatelski PO RPCzynny od poniedziałku do piątku w godz. 9-17ul. Marszałkowska 87 lok. 85, 00-683 Warszawatel. 22 402 42 01 wew 116fax 22 402 42 01 wew 113Redakcja serwisu Platforma.orgul. Marszałkowska 87 lok. 85tel.: (0 prefix 22) 402 42 03Okręg wyborczy nr 1 obejmuje obszar województwa pomorskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Gdańsk.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. Grunwaldzka 8280-244 Gdańsk(58) 741 61 50Okręg wyborczy nr 2 obejmuje obszar województwa kujawsko-pomorskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Bydgoszcz.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. Gdańska 31/685-005 Bydgoszcz(52) 322 65 56; fax. (52) 327 01 05Okręg wyborczy nr 3 obejmuje obszar województwa podlaskiego i województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Olsztyn.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. Bałtycka 210-136 Olsztyn(89) 535 05 87Okręg wyborczy nr 4 obejmuje obszar części województwa mazowieckiego: m. st. Warszawy oraz powiatów: grodziskiego, legionowskiego, nowodworskiego, otwockiego, piaseczyńskiego, pruszkowskiego, warszawskiego zachodniego i wołomińskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Warszawa.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POal. Jerozolimskie 3000-024 Warszawa(22) 621 34 45; fax. (22) 621 57 81Okręg wyborczy nr 5 obejmuje obszar części województwa mazowieckiego: powiatów- ciechanowskiego, gostynińskiego, mławskiego, płockiego, płońskiego, przasnyskiego, sierpeckiego, sochaczewskiego, żuromińskiego, żyrardowskiego, białobrzeskiego, grójeckiego, kozienickiego, lipskiego, przysuskiego, radomskiego, szydłowieckiego, zwoleńskiego, garwolińskiego, łosickiego, makowskiego, mińskiego, ostrołęckiego, ostrowskiego, pułtuskiego, siedleckiego, sokołowskiego, węgrowskiego, wyszkowskiego oraz miast na prawach powiatu - Płock, Radom, Ostrołęka i Siedlce.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Warszawa.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POal. Jerozolimskie 3000-024 Warszawa(22) 621 34 45; fax. (22) 621 57 81Okręg wyborczy nr 6 obejmuje obszar województwa łódzkiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Łódź.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. Piotrkowska 6190 - 417 Łódź(42) 636 23 11Okręg wyborczy nr 7 obejmuje obszar województwa wielkopolskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Poznań.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. Zwierzyniecka 1360-813 Poznań(61) 842 72 23, fax. (61) 842 72 38Okręg wyborczy nr 8 obejmuje obszar województwa lubelskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Lublin.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 10/520-002 Lublin(81) 534 67 26Okręg wyborczy nr 9 obejmuje obszar województwa podkarpackiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Rzeszów.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. Ks. Jałowego 10/735-010 Rzeszów(17) 862 91 10Okręg wyborczy nr 10 obejmuje obszar województwa małopolskiego i województwa świętokrzyskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Kraków.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. Gertrudy 26/2931-048 Kraków(12) 421 05 33, (12) 421 46 61Okręg wyborczy nr 11 obejmuje obszar województwa śląskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Katowice.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. 3 Maja 17/240-097 Katowice (32) 259 72 92Okręg wyborczy nr 12 obejmuje obszar województwa dolnośląskiego i województwa opolskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Wrocław.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POul. Oławska 250-123 Wrocław(71) 344 39 39Okręg wyborczy nr 13 obejmuje obszar województwa lubuskiego i województwa zachodniopomorskiego.Siedziba Okręgowej Komisji Wyborczej - Gorzów Wielkopolski.Siedziba Regionalnego Komitetu Wyborczego POal. Papieża Jana Pawła II 11/270-415 Szczecin(91) 433 89 59Alex Lech BajanWashington DC
Friday, May 8, 2009
アンジェイ・ワイダ:「カチンの森」 Wajda Katyn in Japan
アンジェイ・ワイダ:「カチンの森」 Wajda Katyn in Japan
「カタロニア賛歌」とアンジェイ・ワイダ http://ima-ikiteiruhushigi.... Film re-opens Katyn wound (VIDEO 2:45) http://news.bbc.co.uk/playe... Film reopens Poland's Katyn wound http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/... 映画「カチン」公式サイ...
「カタロニア賛歌」とアンジェイ・ワイダ
http://ima-ikiteiruhushigi.cocolog-ni...
Film re-opens Katyn wound (VIDEO 2:45)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/news...
Film reopens Poland's Katyn wound
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/702...
映画「カチン」公式サイト:Katyń - film Andrzeja Wajdy
http://www.postmortem.netino.pl/
アンジェイ・ワイダ 祖国ポーランドを撮り続けた男
http://www.veoh.com/videos/v142220982...
The last sceen with the traditional Polish dance.
The good Lord God gave the director two eyes - one to look into the camera, the other to be alert to everything that is going on around him.
Andrzej Wajda
Ladies and Gentlemen,
I will speak in Polish because I want to say what I think and feel and I always thought and felt in Polish.
I accept this greeat honor not as a personal tribute, but as a tribute to all of Polish cinema.
The subject of many of our films was the war, the atrocities of Nazism and the tragedies brought by communism.
This is why today I thank the American friends of Poland and my compatriots for helping my country rejoin the family of democratic nations, rejoin the Western civilizations, its institutions and security structures.
My fervent hope is that the only flames people will encounter will be the great passions of the heart--love, gratitude and solidarity.
On April 2, 2000, Andrzej Wajda donated his Oscar statuette to the Muzeum of Jagiellonian University in Cracow. The statuette will be exposed together with earlier Wajda's gifts: La Palme d'Or from Cannes and Golden Lion from Venice.
Andrzej Wajda - biography
WAJDA, Andrzej ; Polish film and theatrical director; born March 6th 1926 in Suwalki; son of Jakub Wajda and Aniela Wajda;
ed. Acadademy of Fine Arts,Cracow; High Film School, Lodz;
Film Director 1954 - ; Theatre Director Teatr Stary ,Cracow 1962 - 1998.
Man.Director Teatr Powszechny Warsaw 1989-90;
Hon.member Union Polish Artist and Designers (ZPAP)1977.
Pres.Polish Film Asscn.1978-83 . "Solidarity" Lech Walesa Council 1981 - 1989.
Senator of the Republic of Poland 1989 - 1991.
Member Presidential Council for Culture 1992- 94.
Founder: Center of Japanese Art and Technology, Cracow 1994.
Prizes: click here
Order of the Banner of Labor (second class)1975;
Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta;
Order of Kirill and Methodus (first class), Bulgaria 1978;
Oficier, Legion d'Honneur 1982;
Order of Rising Sun, Japan 1995.
Films: click here
Polish Television Theatre: click here
Theatre: click here
The Birthplace
My family comes from the village of Szarow. Not far away, several miles from Szarow, in the Brzeziow graveyard, lies my granfather, Kazimierz Wayda, still spelt with a "y". These country origins seem essential to me, since from this tiny village, from this place and this family came four young men, all of which became educated people, members of the intelligentsia. One of them was my father, so I am only second generation intelligentsia myself. I think that there was a kind of strength in these young men, who left everything behind because they believed that all their future is before them. At the age of 16 my father joined the Legions (a Polish liberation corps in the I World War), where he became an officer. The second brother found employment as a railway official and until the outbreak of the Second World War he held the post of a director in the Krakow Railways. The third set up a large locksmith's shop, where I worked during the German occupation; the youngest brother, who was a promising farmers' activist, died prematurely.
I think that the force that drove these boys to run away, to avoid staying in one place because life was somewhere else... that I am also driven in this way... I have never wanted to live in places where I was thrown by chance, instead I strove for places which - it seemed to me - I should reach.
So after the war ended I travelled to Krakow, because I thought that my destiny lies at the Krakow Academy of Fine Arts. Then I went to Lodz, because of the foundation of the Film School - the only one in existence at the time - where I thought my place was. Then I left Lodz for Warsaw, because it was where all the filmmaking decisions were made and, besides, a person simply ought to live in Warsaw. And then I returned to Krakow once more, because the Stary Theatre was here. It always seemed to me that life wasn't here and now, not in this place where I was living, not in this film I was making - although every single one of my films and theatre productions was made with the conviction that it is meaningful and important. But I always thought that there is something more before me, that I should be running, striving, chasing this something... it is very difficult to define. I think that escape is the most important theme of my life, continually linking my past to the things that will happen tomorrow. I think that the energy which drove my father and his brothers, was exactly the same energy which I sense in myself, the energy which, so to speak, forced me to work so intensively and to run so hard from this pastoral landscape. Perhaps I should have spent my life looking at these mountains and doing nothing else...
An excerpt of a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
The War and Occupation
After the death in 1903 of their father, Kazimierz Wayda, all his sons (my father was 3 at the time) moved to Krakow and helped each other get an education. They were in Krakow again in the 30's, when they restored the house, their only piece of property. At the back of the house was the locksmith's shop; in this house, on the second floor, I used to hide during the occupation. And I must say that my uncles were so discreet (I think that this is a virtue of our family) that only after the end of the war I found out that in the same house they also concealed Jews.
So, thanks to my father's brothers, I was able to survive the occupation; I probably owe them my life, because my papers (documents) were very insufficient. I had to stay at home, I was scared even to go to the tram stop, because there was always some kind of control going on. Of course, it might seem that all I did here was just hide out with my family, but my uncles were extremely serious about all of this. There were several people employed here, we all had normal, everyday tasks, from which I returned late in the evening. If I still had any strength left I climbed out on this balcony, and here I painted some landscapes of the Salwator district. Sitting somewhere near the house I also painted this stream, and this was practically all I managed to do besides the hard work in my uncles' workshop, where I had to go every day.
This work later helped me understand what physical labour really means, what it means to work every day, to go to work in the morning, and when later, in the 50's, there was talk about the workers, the working class, I could say to myself "I have also been a worker". It was not strange to me.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
Parents
My father was an officer, a junior lieutenant in the Polish Army. My mother was a teacher; she graduated from a teaching college and worked at a Ukrainian school. So they were a typical intelligentsia marriage. My father was promoted very quickly and he was moved to Suwalki, to the 41st Infantry Regiment garrison. And that's where I was born. Officers were constantly transferred from one garrison to another, so my father soon moved to Radom.
Professions such as a teacher or a military officer are directed towards other people. A teacher teaches children, an officer also educates, in a sense, disciplining the soldiers in his care. So both are people who work for others, not only for themselves. I think this quality was very distinct among the Polish intelligentsia in those times and I didn't know that a person could behave otherwise. You live for others, not for yourself.
And suddenly, in 1939, everything collapsed. My father was lost; he went to war and never came back. My mother could not stay at home, she had to go to work, we became workers. Our intelligentsia family found itself in completely different surroundings. I was 13 when the war broke out, so the only things I retained were the things that my home, school and the church had given me until that age.
My father, Jakub Wajda, lived only to the age of 40. He was captain in the 72nd Infantry Regiment and died at Katyn. But until 1989 we were not allowed to make an inscription on the family tomb, saying where he was killed. The censorship was so strict and the ban on all information on this subject so rigorous that when I recently tried to find a copy of the newspaper, published by Germans during the war, with the list of Katyn victims, my father's name among them, it turned out that the paper simply did not exist. Some mysterious hand removed the relevant copies from the library collection, so the experience of living through perhaps the most shocking moment of my life, when I could find out from a German paper that my father had been murdered, was denied to me.
War put an end to my country life - and to my pastoral life, because all childhood seems pastoral. Because of the war I finally could and had to make my own decisions, I knew I could no longer rely on anyone, everything now depended on me and only on me.
My father considered it natural that I should go into the Army. In 1939 I went to Lwow to enroll into the Cadets' School, but unfortunately I failed. I had always tried to have something to draw, I deemed this more interesting than other occupations, but nobody knew what should come out of it. During the occupation I realized, however, that I want to do this professionally and for a few months I attended drawing lessons at an art school owned by a professor from Lodz, which the Germans still allowed at that time. But the occupation became inceasingly more brutal, further education was out of the question, the usual choice was to hide or to work in a firm which could supply good papers - that is documents, which would allow us to go out in the street and move about in a normal way.
My mother came to Krakow near the end of her life, in 1950. My brother and I were already students at the Fine Arts Academy, and she was left behind alone in Radom. Our father didn't return from the war. We still had some hope, but in 1950 we were fairly certain that he won't come back. So our mother moved in with us, to our home in the Salwator district, and when she died prematurely - she was only 50 - she was buried here, because this is the Wajda family tomb and our uncles decided that she should remain here.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
The Fine Arts Academy
The Fine Arts Academy was, and still is, named after Jan Matejko. In 1945 it experienced an influx of Paris-educated professors, who painted beautifully in the French postimpressionist manner.
But we soon realized that this was a contradiction. Here we were, painting nudes, flowers and still lives in the best French spirit, but our personal experience, our world, were quite different. We had seen the occupation and all its filth, we worked in factories. My fellow students often came straight from the Army, some of them still in uniform - nobody had any clothes to speak of, so everyone wore a uniform (I also dressed in my father's uniform which I had dyed navy blue) - but they came straight from the Army, dressed in battle green, and our shared experince was inconsistent with our painting. We felt we had another story to tell, but our painting expressed what we meant very incompletely - or not at all.
Here we had seen the smoking chimneys of the crematoriums, the arrests, the street roundups, the Warsaw uprising - and they were like Cézanne, who when he was asked, What did you do when the Prussians advanced on Paris? answered, I painted some landscape studies. They, our professors, dared to paint lanscapes and still lives during the war. And it was a kind of resistance against this... against this war and all the things that the German occupation brought to Poland. But now the war had ended and we thought that we should meet painting in a different way. That's why we could not agree... Later it turned out that this conflict perfectly suited the current cultural policy of the authorities.
What was going on?
The year was 1945 and 46 - I enrolled at the Academy in 46. After the party union in 1948 there was a lot of confusion - of an ideological character, so to speak. But socrealism already started taking shape and there was demand for a kind of painting which would represent the new reality: the workers, farmers, all the things which the new policy brought. All this actually boiled down to was planned sovietization of Poland. We liked to paint these other subjects, but we never thought that we would be required merely to imitate Soviet painting. I think that at this point many people left the Academy; they understood that it's simply not possible, that this kind of art has no artistic future,
The thing that today moves me most in the Academy rooms is the smell. It has haunted me for years, this smell of the workshop, of paint... This smell is always with me, and today, when I stand in this studio, I think that this is the place where I could have been happy. But at that time I didn't have enough strength, character, willpower, tenacity. There were other, more talented people, and I was married for the first time. My wife turned out to be a fantastic painter and this also sort of put me off. I had to find another group of friends, another college, another place for myself.
I studied at the Academy for three years. By the end of the third year I realized that I was rather lost, and then, completely by chance, I read in some weekly magazine that the Film School is searching for students. So I decided to leave Krakow for Lodz.
But Lodz was no longer a school to me. I think that whatever I learned or thought or found out about art, was here, in Krakow. Regardless of all our arguments and our criticism of our professors, here we talked about art and thought in terms of art. But the Film School was a technical college - there we talked about how to make a film, how to orient ourselves in the political situation, how to show this subject or another.
But what did it all mean, and why film should be an art, these things I learned here. For a long time I kept hoping that I could paint something, because they told me that in old age you can still paint something good. I don't think this is true. To paint something in old age I should have achieved two things when I was young - I should have found my own way of painting and my own subject. And then, even if I had abandoned painting for a time and then taken it up again, I could have used this experience. But it didn't happen this way, so now I can only be a person who comes, looks and understands.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
Krakow
In 1950 together with my fellow students from Lodz I went to Nowa Huta. We were making a student movie - a feature - about the construction of the first socialist city in Poland. And so I gained the opportunity to see it all. At the beginning there was nothing here, only fields, but we all believed that the country people really needed such a city, because the villages were overpopulated. The idea was to create something that would transform Krakow. Krakow voted against the communists, so obviously it was necessary to create a community which would infuse this lifeless Krakow with its ideology.
Instead we found ourselves in a lifeless city, while Krakow was alive as never before, as if through an act of historic justice. And this city, intended to be a threat to Krakow, became in fact a kind of provincial little town, seemingly hundreds of miles distant from Krakow, a town where there is nothing of interest, where nothing happens, a town which nobody cares about.
I think that this is a kind of lesson in history, that you can't violate certain things, that there are places which radiate their culture. Krakow radiated culture and that is why it could not be destroyed.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
The Film School
In the 1950's the Film School was an ideological school. There were no such schools before and this one had no tradition. So it was meant to be a school for "janissaries", intended to educate a film elite, so to speak, which would later become an ideological commando and play a decisive role in the political and social transformations in Poland.
Our professors and teachers were people who before the war sympathized with the left and who just now, at the end of the war, thought that the day had come for them to play their part.
But there emerged an unforeseeable contradiction. These people, our teachers, were educated people who understood what was going on in Poland, and though they deferred to this ideology, they did not completely lose their wits. So, for example, Andrzej Munk could not make a film with a consumptive hero (I was to play that hero because I was terribly thin), he could not make it even as a student etude, because to show a victim of consumption was considered just too pessimistic. On the other hand, the majority of our post-war colleagues came out "from the forest", from the resistance movement, infected with tuberculosis. This disease at the time really took its toll among the intelligentsia, and not only intelligentsia.
But, at the same time, our rector Jerzy Toeplitz brought from Paris a whole collection of French avant-garde movies - not the Russian avant-garde, not Eisenstein, but precisely French. And so I was able to see the "Le Ballet Mécanique", "Le Chien d'Andalousie", "L'Age d'Or" and "Le Ballet Mécanique" once again, all the films which opened my eyes to a completely different kind of cinema, films which we not only never had made, but never had even seen. The inconsistency was fantastic: on the one hand our professors at the school wanted us - perhaps as a way of justification - to make all these socrealist movies, and, on the other, they brought us closer to real art.
Jerzy Toeplitz viewed our school as belonging to a greater body of European film colleges, and not as some provincial school somewhere in the Polish city of Lodz.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
The 1989 Crisis
I could have been sent to Auschwitz; by a strange twist of fate it didn't happen. I could have been arrested and sent to Germany as a slave labourer. I had a little luck, but this is a country where you actually have to find excuses for your luck. Because it is also true that all those who were braver, more determined, more desperate, more eager to take up arms, are mostly dead. And it must be said that these certainly were the best people.
Now, when we have freedom, so to speak, everyone asks me: OK, but why is it that you were successful while others weren't? Why could you make films while others couldn't? And could these films be right, if they were made in a state film studio and financed with state money? How is this possible? Which means that it would be better if I had spent my life doing nothing. And indeed, these people, who did nothing, have a ready excuse.
But what did we want? We only wanted to expand a little the limits of freedom, the limits of censorship, so that films such as "Popiol i diament" could be made. We never hoped to live to see the fall of the Soviet Union, to see Poland as a free country. We thought that all we could do was to expand this limit, so that the party wouldn't rule by itself but would have to admit the voice of the society it was ruling. If you want to participate in a reality created by an alien power, enforced by a historical situation, then you always risk taking part in some ambiguous game.
I saw quite soon that it was better to remain independent, that a party artist didn't really have more options only because he was allowed to make a film, permitted to do things apparently forbidden to others - quite the opposite.
The party controlled its members even more strictly. It summoned them and said: Why? You see, you know, why do you act this way? Why don't you follow the party line? But I couldn't be spoken to in this way, for I didn't have to follow the party line. I was a filmmaker. Of course, I didn't join the party, not only because my father wouldn't have joined the party, not because my mother wouldn't have thought it right, but simply because I was beginning to have a mind of my own.
All my life I was determined to have a kind of independence. Which is very funny, because there isn't a person more dependent than a film director. He depends on the people with whom he makes the film. He depends on the people for whom he makes the film. Not only on the audience, but also on those who make the film possible. Regardless of the political system, whether it is Poland or America, France or Bulgaria, it is the same everywhere. And this dependence is incomparably stronger. But it seemed to me that this might spring from the strong character of my father, of my whole family, who roused themselves and went away from these fields. The young people who left these villages - some went only in search of bread, but others also in search of bread and success. And immortality. To really become someone and decide not only for themselves but also for others.
Andrzej Wajda - Why Japan?
During the German occupation, which I spent in Krakow, I had to hide because my papers were very unsatisfactory. I went to town just once, when I found out that at the Sukiennice Hall there is an exhibition of Japanese art. I didn't know where the collection came from and who had assembled it here, in Krakow. Japan was a German ally during the war, so the Governor-General Frank, who resided at the Wawel Castle, decided to organize an exhibition as a homage to Japan and used this collection. I took a risk and slipped into the Sukiennice and I must say it was an incredible adventure. I remember every detail to this day and I think that the Japanese Centre, standing today by the Vistula river, originated to a large degree from the extraordinary event, which was my encounter with Japanese art here, in Krakow.
Many years later, when my films became well-known and I went abroad a lot, I was also noticed in Japan where I was awarded the prestigious "Kyoto Prize", which is the Japanese equivalent of the Nobel Prize. In short, I received an enormous amount of money - 340 000 USD was a sum beyond my imagination. In all my life I had never earned as much from a Polish movie and I thought - my wife, Krystyna, was of the same opinion - that this is a good moment to consider Japan in Krakow, because this huge collection, about 15 000 various objects, works of art, should be found a place here. Arata Isosaki made a drawing, he came here earlier, and we were standing on the terrace at the Wawel Castle, and he just looked. The city propsed several locations, but in his opinion it was best to build near water, because the most beautiful buildings in the world are built on the waterside. So he selected this location and then the political situation changed suddenly. The new voyevoda was a man who supported this project - Mr. Tadeusz Piekarz, who offered this plot for our Centre. The building was constructed in 15 months. Owing to the government of Japan and to the Railwaymen Union, which also donated a large sum of money for this purpose, Japan suddenly came into existence in Krakow.
Films
1955 Pokolenie [Generation]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Bohdan Czeszko, based on his novel
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Music: Andrzej Markowski
Cast: Tadeusz Lomnicki, Urszula Modrzynska, Tadeusz Janczar, Roman Polanski, Ryszard Kotas, Janusz Paluszkiewicz, Zbigniew Cybulski
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1957 Kanal
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Stefan Stawinski, based on his novel
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Music: Jan Krenz
Cast: Wienczyslaw Glinski, Teresa Izewska, Tadeusz Janczar, Emil Karewicz, Wladyslaw Sheybal, Stanislaw Mikulski, Teresa Berezowska, Tadeusz Gwiazdowski, Adam Pawlikowski and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1958 Popiol i diament [Ashes And Diamonds]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Andrzejewski, based on his novel
Director of Photography: Jerzy Wojcik
Second Director: Janusz Morgenstern
Music: Jan Krenz, Michal Kleofas Oginski
Cast: Zbigniew Cybulski, Ewa Krzyzewska, Waclaw Zastrzezynski, Adam Pawlikowski, Bogumil Kobiela
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Jerzy Andrzejewski's book Popiol i diament is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1959 Lotna
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Wojciech Zukrowski, based on his novel
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Second Director: Janusz Morgenstern
Music: Tadeusz Baird
Cast: Jerzy Pichelski, Adam Pawlikowski, Jerzy Moes, Mieczyslaw Loza, Bozena Kurowska, Karol Rommel, Roman Polanski
1960 Niewinni czarodzieje [Innocent Sorcerers]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Andrzejewski, Jerzy Skolimowski
Director of Photography: Krzysztof Winiewicz
Music: Krzysztof Trzcinski-Komeda
Cast: Tadeusz Lomnicki, Krystyna Stypulkowska, Wanda Koczewska, Zbigniew Cybulski, Roman Polanski, Krzysztof Trzcinski-Komeda, Kalina Jedrusik-Dygatowa and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1961 Samson
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Kazimierz Brandys, based on his novel and Andrzej Wajda
Director of Photography: Jerzy Wojcik
Music: Tadeusz Baird
Cast: Serge Merlin, Alina Janowska, Elzbieta Kepinska, Tadeusz Bartosik, Wladyslaw Kowalski, Jan Ciecierski, Beata Tyszkiewicz, Roman Polanski and others.
1962 Sibirska Ledi Magbet [Siberian Lady Macbeth]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Sveta Lukic, based on a short story by Nikolai Leskov
Director of Photography: Aleksander Sekulovic
Music: Dusan Radic
Cast: Olivera Markowic, Ljuba Tadic, Miodrag Lazarevic, Bojan Stupica and others.
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1962 L'amour à vingt ans [Love At Twenty]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Stefan Stawinski
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Music: Jerzy Matuszkiewicz
Cast: Barbara Kwiatkowska-Lass, Zbigniew Cybulski, Wladyslaw Kowalski
1965 Popioly [Ashes]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Aleksander Scibor Rylski, based on the novel by Stefan Zeromski
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Second Director: Andrzej Zulawski
Music: Andrzej Markowski
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Pola Raksa, Boguslaw Kierc, Beata Tyszkiewicz, Piotr Wysocki, Jozef Duriasz, Wladyslaw Hancza, Jadwiga Andrzejewska, Stanislaw Zaczyk, Jan Swiderski, Jan Nowicki and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Stefan Zeromski's book Popioly is available at the Merlin bookstore
1968 The Gates To Paradise
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Andrzejewski, based on his novel
English dialogs: Donald Howard
Director of Photography: Mieczyslaw Jahoda
Music: Ward Swingle
Cast: Lionel Stander, Ferdy Mayne, Jenny Agutter, Mathieu Carrière and others.
Jerzy Andrzejewski's story Bramy raju is available at the Merlin bookstore
1968 Przekladaniec [Roly Poly]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Stanislaw Lem, based on his short story
Director of Photography: Wieslaw Zdort
Music: Andrzej Markowski
Cast: Bogumil Kobiela, Ryszard Filipski, Anna Prucnal, Jerzy Zelnik and others.
1969 Wszystko na sprzedaz [Everything For Sale]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda
Director of Photography: Witold Sobocinski
Music: Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Andrzej Lapicki, Beata Tyszkiewicz, Elzbieta Czyzewska, Daniel Olbrychski and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
1969 Polowanie na muchy [Hunting Flies]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Janusz Glowacki, based on his story
Director of Photography: Zygmunt Samosiuk
Music:Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Malgorzata Braunek, Zygmunt Malanowicz, Daniel Olbrychski, Ewa Skarzanka, Hannna Skarzanka and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles) as Fury Is A Woman
1970 Brzezina [Birch Wood]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jaroslaw Iwaszkiewicz, based on his short story
Director of Photography: Zygmunt Samosiuk
Music: Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Emilia Krakowska, Olgierd Lukaszewicz, Marek Perepeczko and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
1970 Krajobraz po bitwie [Landscape After the Battle]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Brzozowski and Andrzej Wajda, based on the novel by Tadeusz Borowski
Director of Photography: Zbigniew Samosiuk
Music: Antonio Vivaldi, Fryderyk Chopin, Zygmunt Konieczny
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Stanislawa Celinska, Tadeusz Janczar, Mieczyslaw Stoor, Leszek Drogosz, Aleksander Bardini, Stefan Friedmann, Jerzy Zelnik, Anna German, Malgorzata Braunek and others.
1972 Pilatus und andere [Pilat And Others]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, based on the novel The Master and Margaret by Michail Bulhajov
Director of Photography: Igor Luther
Music: Jan Sebastian Bach
Cast: Wojciech Pszoniak, Jan Kreczmar, Daniel Olbrychski, Andrzej Lapicki, Marek Perepeczko, Jerzy Zelnik and others.
Michail Bulchakov's book The Master and Margaret is available at the Merlin bookstore
1973 Wesele [The Wedding]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Kijowski, based on Stanislaw Wyspianski's drama
Director of Photography: Witold Sobocinski
Music: Stanislaw Radwan
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Ewa Zietek, Malgorzata Lorentowicz, Barbara Wrzesinska, Andrzej Lapicki, Wojciech Pszoniak, Marek Perepeczko, Maja Komorowska, Franciszek Pieczka, Marek Walczewski, Emilia Krakowska and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Stanislaw Wyspianski's drama Wesele is available at the Merlin bookstore
1975 Ziemia obiecana [Promised Land]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, based on Wladyslaw Reymont's novel
Director of Photography: Witold Sobocinski, Edward Klosinski, Waclaw Dybowski
Second Directors: Andrzej Kotkowski, Jerzy Domaradzki
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Wojciech Pszoniak, Andrzej Seweryn, Anna Nehrebecka, Tadeusz Bialoszczynski, Franciszek Pieczka, Bozena Dykiel, Kalina Jedrusik and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Stanislaw Reymont's Ziemia obiecana is available at the Merlin bookstore
1976 Smuga cienia [The Shadow Line]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Boleslaw Sulik, Andrzej Wajda, based on Joseph Conrad's novel
Director of Photography: Witold Sobocinski
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Marek Kondrat, Graham Lines, Tom Wilkinson, Bernard Archard and others.
1977 Czlowiek z marmuru [The Man of Marble]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Aleksander Scibor Rylski
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Second Directors: Krystyna Grochowicz, Witold Holz
Music: Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Jerzy Radziwillowicz, Krystyna Janda, Tadeusz Lomnicki, Jacek Lomnicki, Michal Tarkowski, Piotr Cieslak, Wieslaw Wojcik, Krystyna Zachwatowicz and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1978 Bez znieczulenia [Rough Treatment]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Agnieszka Holland i Andrzej Wajda
Cooperation: Krzysztof Zaleski
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Music: Jerzy Derfel, Wojciech Mlynarski
Cast: Zbigniew Zapasiewicz, Ewa Dalkowska, Andrzej Seweryn, Krystyna Janda, Emilia Krakowska, Roman Wilhelmi, Kazimierz Kaczor and others.
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles) as Without Anesthesia
1979 Panny z Wilka [The Maids from Wilko]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Zbigniew Kaminski, based on a short story by Jaroslaw Iwaszkiewicz
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Music: Karol Szymanowski
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Anna Seniuk, Maja Komorowska, Stanislawa Celinska, Krystyna Zachwatowicz, Christine Pascal, Zbigniew Zapasiewicz and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Jaroslaw Iwaszkiewicz's story Panny z Wilka is available at the Merlin bookstore
1980 Dyrygent [The Orchestra Conductor]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Kijowski
Director of Photography: Slawomir Idziak
Music: Ludwig van Beethoven
Cast: John Gielgud, Krystyna Janda, Andrzej Seweryn, Jan Ciecierski, Marysia Seweryn and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1981 Czlowiek z zelaza [The Iron Man]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Aleksander Scibor-Rylski
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Music: Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Jerzy Radziwillowicz, Krystyna Janda, Marian Opania, Andrzej Seweryn, Irena Byrska and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1983 Danton
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jean-Claude Carrière, based on Stanislawa Przybyszewska's play Danton's Affair
Cooperation: Andrzej Wajda, Agnieszka Holland, Boleslaw Michalek, Jacek Gasiorowski
Director of Photography: Igor Luther
Music: Jean Prodromides
Cast: Gérard Depardieu, Wojciech Pszoniak, Anne Alvaro, Roland Blanche, Patrice Chéreau, Emmanuelle Debever, Krzysztof Globisz, Tadeusz Huk, Marek Kondrat, Boguslaw Linda and others.
1983 Eine Liebe in Deutschland [Love In Germany]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Boleslaw Michalek, Agnieszka Holland, Andrzej Wajda, based on Rolf Hochhuth's novel
Director of Photography: Igor Luther
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: Michel Legrand
Cast: Hanna Schygulla, Marie-Christine Barrault, Piotr Lysak, Daniel Olbrychski and others.
1986 Kronika wypadkow milosnych [A Chronicle of Amorous Incidents]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, based on Tadeusz Konwicki's novel
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Paulina Mlynarska, Piotr Wawrzynczak, Bernadetta Machala, Dariusz Dobkowski, Tadeusz Konwicki, Jaroslaw Gruda, Tadeusz Lomnicki, Krystyna Zachwatowicz and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
1988 Les Possédes [The possessed]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jean-Claude Carrière, based on a novel by Dostojevsky
Cooperation: Andrzej Wajda, Agnieszka Holland, Edward Zebrowski
Director of Photography: Witold Adamek
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: Zygmunt Konieczny
Cast: Isabelle Huppert, Jutta Lampe, Philippine Leroy Beaulieu, Bernard Blier, Jean-Philippe Ecoffey, Laurent Malet, Jerzy Radziwillowicz, Omar Sharif and others.
Fiodor Dostojevsky's novel Bracia Karamazow is available at the Merlin bookstore
1990 Korczak
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Agnieszka Holland
Director of Photography: Robby Müller
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Wojciech Pszoniak, Ewa Dalkowska, Teresa Budzisz-Krzyzanowska, Marzena Trybala, Piotr Kozlowski, Zbigniew Zamachowski, Jan Peszek, Aleksander Bardini, Wojciech Klata, Krystyna Zachwatowicz and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1992 Pierscionek z orlem w koronie [The Crowned-Eagle Ring]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, Maciej Karpinski, Andrzej Kotkowski, based on a novel by Aleksander Scibor-Rylski Pierscionek z konskiego wlosia (the Horsehair Ring).
Director of Photography: Dariusz Kuc
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: Zbigniew Gorny
Cast: Rafal Krolikowski, Agnieszka Wagner, Adrianna Biedrzynska, Maria Chwalibog, Jadwiga Jankowska-Cieslak, Cezary Pazura, Miroslaw Baka, Piotr Bajor, Jerzy Trela and others.
1994 Nastasja
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, Maciej Karpinski, based on The Idiot by Dostojevsky
Japan translation: Masao Yonekawa
Director of Photography: Pawel Edelman
Decoration and costumes: Krystyna Zachwatowicz
Cast: Tamasaburo Bando, Toshiyuki Nagashima
Fiodor Dostojevsky's book Idiota is available at the Merlin bookstore
1995 Wielki Tydzien [Holy Week]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, based on Jerzy Andrzejewski's short story
Director of Photography: Wit Dabal
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: G.F. Narholz, F. Ullmann, S. Burston, O. Siebien, R. Baumgartner, J. Clero, V. Borek
Cast: Beata Fudalej, Wojciech Malajkat, Wojciech Pszoniak, Magdalena Warzecha, Jakub Przebindowski, Cezary Pazura, Maria Seweryn and others.
1996 Panna Nikt [Miss Nothing]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Radoslaw Piwowarski, based on a Tomek Tryzna's novel
Director of Photography: Krzysztof Ptak
Cast: Anna Wielgucka, Anna Mucha, Anna Powierza, Stanislawa Celinska, Janga Jan Tomaszewski and others.
Tomek Tryzna's novel Panna Nikt is available at the Merlin bookstore
1998 Pan Tadeusz
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, Jan Nowina-Zarzycki, Piotr Weresniak, based on a poem by Adam Mickiewicz
Second Director: Adek Drabinski
Director of Photography: Pawel Edelman
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Michal Zebrowski, Alicja Bachleda-Curus, Boguslaw Linda, Daniel Olbrychski, Grazyna Szapolowska, Andrzej Seweryn, Marek Kondrat,
Krzysztof Kolberger, Siergiej Szakurow, Jerzy Binczycki and others.
The story is very personal. Mr. Wajda's father was one of the victims of Katyn, and Mr. Wajda based the story on the women who waited in vain for their men to return, just like his own mother had done.
Although many VIPs and the "gliteratti" were present at the showing of the film in the Polish National Opera, the mood was somber, and at the end of the film, the silence was truly pregnant with emotion. I could not see him, but I believe Cardinal Jozef Glemp said a prayer at the very end.
Also at the end of the movie a German lady said to me how lucky I was to be an American. Indeed. The burden of history is huge. These are atrocities that we can never, ever forget.
Go here to read about President Kaczynski's visit to Katyn yesterday, as well as to see some beautiful photos of the victims of the massacre.
The good Lord God gave the director two eyes - one to look into the camera, the other to be alert to everything that is going on around him.
Andrzej Wajda
Ladies and Gentlemen,
I will speak in Polish because I want to say what I think and feel and I always thought and felt in Polish.
I accept this greeat honor not as a personal tribute, but as a tribute to all of Polish cinema.
The subject of many of our films was the war, the atrocities of Nazism and the tragedies brought by communism.
This is why today I thank the American friends of Poland and my compatriots for helping my country rejoin the family of democratic nations, rejoin the Western civilizations, its institutions and security structures.
My fervent hope is that the only flames people will encounter will be the great passions of the heart--love, gratitude and solidarity.
On April 2, 2000, Andrzej Wajda donated his Oscar statuette to the Muzeum of Jagiellonian University in Cracow. The statuette will be exposed together with earlier Wajda's gifts: La Palme d'Or from Cannes and Golden Lion from Venice.
Andrzej Wajda - biography
WAJDA, Andrzej ; Polish film and theatrical director; born March 6th 1926 in Suwalki; son of Jakub Wajda and Aniela Wajda;
ed. Acadademy of Fine Arts,Cracow; High Film School, Lodz;
Film Director 1954 - ; Theatre Director Teatr Stary ,Cracow 1962 - 1998.
Man.Director Teatr Powszechny Warsaw 1989-90;
Hon.member Union Polish Artist and Designers (ZPAP)1977.
Pres.Polish Film Asscn.1978-83 . "Solidarity" Lech Walesa Council 1981 - 1989.
Senator of the Republic of Poland 1989 - 1991.
Member Presidential Council for Culture 1992- 94.
Founder: Center of Japanese Art and Technology, Cracow 1994.
Prizes: click here
Order of the Banner of Labor (second class)1975;
Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta;
Order of Kirill and Methodus (first class), Bulgaria 1978;
Oficier, Legion d'Honneur 1982;
Order of Rising Sun, Japan 1995.
Films: click here
Polish Television Theatre: click here
Theatre: click here
The Birthplace
My family comes from the village of Szarow. Not far away, several miles from Szarow, in the Brzeziow graveyard, lies my granfather, Kazimierz Wayda, still spelt with a "y". These country origins seem essential to me, since from this tiny village, from this place and this family came four young men, all of which became educated people, members of the intelligentsia. One of them was my father, so I am only second generation intelligentsia myself. I think that there was a kind of strength in these young men, who left everything behind because they believed that all their future is before them. At the age of 16 my father joined the Legions (a Polish liberation corps in the I World War), where he became an officer. The second brother found employment as a railway official and until the outbreak of the Second World War he held the post of a director in the Krakow Railways. The third set up a large locksmith's shop, where I worked during the German occupation; the youngest brother, who was a promising farmers' activist, died prematurely.
I think that the force that drove these boys to run away, to avoid staying in one place because life was somewhere else... that I am also driven in this way... I have never wanted to live in places where I was thrown by chance, instead I strove for places which - it seemed to me - I should reach.
So after the war ended I travelled to Krakow, because I thought that my destiny lies at the Krakow Academy of Fine Arts. Then I went to Lodz, because of the foundation of the Film School - the only one in existence at the time - where I thought my place was. Then I left Lodz for Warsaw, because it was where all the filmmaking decisions were made and, besides, a person simply ought to live in Warsaw. And then I returned to Krakow once more, because the Stary Theatre was here. It always seemed to me that life wasn't here and now, not in this place where I was living, not in this film I was making - although every single one of my films and theatre productions was made with the conviction that it is meaningful and important. But I always thought that there is something more before me, that I should be running, striving, chasing this something... it is very difficult to define. I think that escape is the most important theme of my life, continually linking my past to the things that will happen tomorrow. I think that the energy which drove my father and his brothers, was exactly the same energy which I sense in myself, the energy which, so to speak, forced me to work so intensively and to run so hard from this pastoral landscape. Perhaps I should have spent my life looking at these mountains and doing nothing else...
An excerpt of a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
The War and Occupation
After the death in 1903 of their father, Kazimierz Wayda, all his sons (my father was 3 at the time) moved to Krakow and helped each other get an education. They were in Krakow again in the 30's, when they restored the house, their only piece of property. At the back of the house was the locksmith's shop; in this house, on the second floor, I used to hide during the occupation. And I must say that my uncles were so discreet (I think that this is a virtue of our family) that only after the end of the war I found out that in the same house they also concealed Jews.
So, thanks to my father's brothers, I was able to survive the occupation; I probably owe them my life, because my papers (documents) were very insufficient. I had to stay at home, I was scared even to go to the tram stop, because there was always some kind of control going on. Of course, it might seem that all I did here was just hide out with my family, but my uncles were extremely serious about all of this. There were several people employed here, we all had normal, everyday tasks, from which I returned late in the evening. If I still had any strength left I climbed out on this balcony, and here I painted some landscapes of the Salwator district. Sitting somewhere near the house I also painted this stream, and this was practically all I managed to do besides the hard work in my uncles' workshop, where I had to go every day.
This work later helped me understand what physical labour really means, what it means to work every day, to go to work in the morning, and when later, in the 50's, there was talk about the workers, the working class, I could say to myself "I have also been a worker". It was not strange to me.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
Parents
My father was an officer, a junior lieutenant in the Polish Army. My mother was a teacher; she graduated from a teaching college and worked at a Ukrainian school. So they were a typical intelligentsia marriage. My father was promoted very quickly and he was moved to Suwalki, to the 41st Infantry Regiment garrison. And that's where I was born. Officers were constantly transferred from one garrison to another, so my father soon moved to Radom.
Professions such as a teacher or a military officer are directed towards other people. A teacher teaches children, an officer also educates, in a sense, disciplining the soldiers in his care. So both are people who work for others, not only for themselves. I think this quality was very distinct among the Polish intelligentsia in those times and I didn't know that a person could behave otherwise. You live for others, not for yourself.
And suddenly, in 1939, everything collapsed. My father was lost; he went to war and never came back. My mother could not stay at home, she had to go to work, we became workers. Our intelligentsia family found itself in completely different surroundings. I was 13 when the war broke out, so the only things I retained were the things that my home, school and the church had given me until that age.
My father, Jakub Wajda, lived only to the age of 40. He was captain in the 72nd Infantry Regiment and died at Katyn. But until 1989 we were not allowed to make an inscription on the family tomb, saying where he was killed. The censorship was so strict and the ban on all information on this subject so rigorous that when I recently tried to find a copy of the newspaper, published by Germans during the war, with the list of Katyn victims, my father's name among them, it turned out that the paper simply did not exist. Some mysterious hand removed the relevant copies from the library collection, so the experience of living through perhaps the most shocking moment of my life, when I could find out from a German paper that my father had been murdered, was denied to me.
War put an end to my country life - and to my pastoral life, because all childhood seems pastoral. Because of the war I finally could and had to make my own decisions, I knew I could no longer rely on anyone, everything now depended on me and only on me.
My father considered it natural that I should go into the Army. In 1939 I went to Lwow to enroll into the Cadets' School, but unfortunately I failed. I had always tried to have something to draw, I deemed this more interesting than other occupations, but nobody knew what should come out of it. During the occupation I realized, however, that I want to do this professionally and for a few months I attended drawing lessons at an art school owned by a professor from Lodz, which the Germans still allowed at that time. But the occupation became inceasingly more brutal, further education was out of the question, the usual choice was to hide or to work in a firm which could supply good papers - that is documents, which would allow us to go out in the street and move about in a normal way.
My mother came to Krakow near the end of her life, in 1950. My brother and I were already students at the Fine Arts Academy, and she was left behind alone in Radom. Our father didn't return from the war. We still had some hope, but in 1950 we were fairly certain that he won't come back. So our mother moved in with us, to our home in the Salwator district, and when she died prematurely - she was only 50 - she was buried here, because this is the Wajda family tomb and our uncles decided that she should remain here.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
The Fine Arts Academy
The Fine Arts Academy was, and still is, named after Jan Matejko. In 1945 it experienced an influx of Paris-educated professors, who painted beautifully in the French postimpressionist manner.
But we soon realized that this was a contradiction. Here we were, painting nudes, flowers and still lives in the best French spirit, but our personal experience, our world, were quite different. We had seen the occupation and all its filth, we worked in factories. My fellow students often came straight from the Army, some of them still in uniform - nobody had any clothes to speak of, so everyone wore a uniform (I also dressed in my father's uniform which I had dyed navy blue) - but they came straight from the Army, dressed in battle green, and our shared experince was inconsistent with our painting. We felt we had another story to tell, but our painting expressed what we meant very incompletely - or not at all.
Here we had seen the smoking chimneys of the crematoriums, the arrests, the street roundups, the Warsaw uprising - and they were like Cézanne, who when he was asked, What did you do when the Prussians advanced on Paris? answered, I painted some landscape studies. They, our professors, dared to paint lanscapes and still lives during the war. And it was a kind of resistance against this... against this war and all the things that the German occupation brought to Poland. But now the war had ended and we thought that we should meet painting in a different way. That's why we could not agree... Later it turned out that this conflict perfectly suited the current cultural policy of the authorities.
What was going on?
The year was 1945 and 46 - I enrolled at the Academy in 46. After the party union in 1948 there was a lot of confusion - of an ideological character, so to speak. But socrealism already started taking shape and there was demand for a kind of painting which would represent the new reality: the workers, farmers, all the things which the new policy brought. All this actually boiled down to was planned sovietization of Poland. We liked to paint these other subjects, but we never thought that we would be required merely to imitate Soviet painting. I think that at this point many people left the Academy; they understood that it's simply not possible, that this kind of art has no artistic future,
The thing that today moves me most in the Academy rooms is the smell. It has haunted me for years, this smell of the workshop, of paint... This smell is always with me, and today, when I stand in this studio, I think that this is the place where I could have been happy. But at that time I didn't have enough strength, character, willpower, tenacity. There were other, more talented people, and I was married for the first time. My wife turned out to be a fantastic painter and this also sort of put me off. I had to find another group of friends, another college, another place for myself.
I studied at the Academy for three years. By the end of the third year I realized that I was rather lost, and then, completely by chance, I read in some weekly magazine that the Film School is searching for students. So I decided to leave Krakow for Lodz.
But Lodz was no longer a school to me. I think that whatever I learned or thought or found out about art, was here, in Krakow. Regardless of all our arguments and our criticism of our professors, here we talked about art and thought in terms of art. But the Film School was a technical college - there we talked about how to make a film, how to orient ourselves in the political situation, how to show this subject or another.
But what did it all mean, and why film should be an art, these things I learned here. For a long time I kept hoping that I could paint something, because they told me that in old age you can still paint something good. I don't think this is true. To paint something in old age I should have achieved two things when I was young - I should have found my own way of painting and my own subject. And then, even if I had abandoned painting for a time and then taken it up again, I could have used this experience. But it didn't happen this way, so now I can only be a person who comes, looks and understands.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
Krakow
In 1950 together with my fellow students from Lodz I went to Nowa Huta. We were making a student movie - a feature - about the construction of the first socialist city in Poland. And so I gained the opportunity to see it all. At the beginning there was nothing here, only fields, but we all believed that the country people really needed such a city, because the villages were overpopulated. The idea was to create something that would transform Krakow. Krakow voted against the communists, so obviously it was necessary to create a community which would infuse this lifeless Krakow with its ideology.
Instead we found ourselves in a lifeless city, while Krakow was alive as never before, as if through an act of historic justice. And this city, intended to be a threat to Krakow, became in fact a kind of provincial little town, seemingly hundreds of miles distant from Krakow, a town where there is nothing of interest, where nothing happens, a town which nobody cares about.
I think that this is a kind of lesson in history, that you can't violate certain things, that there are places which radiate their culture. Krakow radiated culture and that is why it could not be destroyed.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
The Film School
In the 1950's the Film School was an ideological school. There were no such schools before and this one had no tradition. So it was meant to be a school for "janissaries", intended to educate a film elite, so to speak, which would later become an ideological commando and play a decisive role in the political and social transformations in Poland.
Our professors and teachers were people who before the war sympathized with the left and who just now, at the end of the war, thought that the day had come for them to play their part.
But there emerged an unforeseeable contradiction. These people, our teachers, were educated people who understood what was going on in Poland, and though they deferred to this ideology, they did not completely lose their wits. So, for example, Andrzej Munk could not make a film with a consumptive hero (I was to play that hero because I was terribly thin), he could not make it even as a student etude, because to show a victim of consumption was considered just too pessimistic. On the other hand, the majority of our post-war colleagues came out "from the forest", from the resistance movement, infected with tuberculosis. This disease at the time really took its toll among the intelligentsia, and not only intelligentsia.
But, at the same time, our rector Jerzy Toeplitz brought from Paris a whole collection of French avant-garde movies - not the Russian avant-garde, not Eisenstein, but precisely French. And so I was able to see the "Le Ballet Mécanique", "Le Chien d'Andalousie", "L'Age d'Or" and "Le Ballet Mécanique" once again, all the films which opened my eyes to a completely different kind of cinema, films which we not only never had made, but never had even seen. The inconsistency was fantastic: on the one hand our professors at the school wanted us - perhaps as a way of justification - to make all these socrealist movies, and, on the other, they brought us closer to real art.
Jerzy Toeplitz viewed our school as belonging to a greater body of European film colleges, and not as some provincial school somewhere in the Polish city of Lodz.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
The 1989 Crisis
I could have been sent to Auschwitz; by a strange twist of fate it didn't happen. I could have been arrested and sent to Germany as a slave labourer. I had a little luck, but this is a country where you actually have to find excuses for your luck. Because it is also true that all those who were braver, more determined, more desperate, more eager to take up arms, are mostly dead. And it must be said that these certainly were the best people.
Now, when we have freedom, so to speak, everyone asks me: OK, but why is it that you were successful while others weren't? Why could you make films while others couldn't? And could these films be right, if they were made in a state film studio and financed with state money? How is this possible? Which means that it would be better if I had spent my life doing nothing. And indeed, these people, who did nothing, have a ready excuse.
But what did we want? We only wanted to expand a little the limits of freedom, the limits of censorship, so that films such as "Popiol i diament" could be made. We never hoped to live to see the fall of the Soviet Union, to see Poland as a free country. We thought that all we could do was to expand this limit, so that the party wouldn't rule by itself but would have to admit the voice of the society it was ruling. If you want to participate in a reality created by an alien power, enforced by a historical situation, then you always risk taking part in some ambiguous game.
I saw quite soon that it was better to remain independent, that a party artist didn't really have more options only because he was allowed to make a film, permitted to do things apparently forbidden to others - quite the opposite.
The party controlled its members even more strictly. It summoned them and said: Why? You see, you know, why do you act this way? Why don't you follow the party line? But I couldn't be spoken to in this way, for I didn't have to follow the party line. I was a filmmaker. Of course, I didn't join the party, not only because my father wouldn't have joined the party, not because my mother wouldn't have thought it right, but simply because I was beginning to have a mind of my own.
All my life I was determined to have a kind of independence. Which is very funny, because there isn't a person more dependent than a film director. He depends on the people with whom he makes the film. He depends on the people for whom he makes the film. Not only on the audience, but also on those who make the film possible. Regardless of the political system, whether it is Poland or America, France or Bulgaria, it is the same everywhere. And this dependence is incomparably stronger. But it seemed to me that this might spring from the strong character of my father, of my whole family, who roused themselves and went away from these fields. The young people who left these villages - some went only in search of bread, but others also in search of bread and success. And immortality. To really become someone and decide not only for themselves but also for others.
Andrzej Wajda - Why Japan?
During the German occupation, which I spent in Krakow, I had to hide because my papers were very unsatisfactory. I went to town just once, when I found out that at the Sukiennice Hall there is an exhibition of Japanese art. I didn't know where the collection came from and who had assembled it here, in Krakow. Japan was a German ally during the war, so the Governor-General Frank, who resided at the Wawel Castle, decided to organize an exhibition as a homage to Japan and used this collection. I took a risk and slipped into the Sukiennice and I must say it was an incredible adventure. I remember every detail to this day and I think that the Japanese Centre, standing today by the Vistula river, originated to a large degree from the extraordinary event, which was my encounter with Japanese art here, in Krakow.
Many years later, when my films became well-known and I went abroad a lot, I was also noticed in Japan where I was awarded the prestigious "Kyoto Prize", which is the Japanese equivalent of the Nobel Prize. In short, I received an enormous amount of money - 340 000 USD was a sum beyond my imagination. In all my life I had never earned as much from a Polish movie and I thought - my wife, Krystyna, was of the same opinion - that this is a good moment to consider Japan in Krakow, because this huge collection, about 15 000 various objects, works of art, should be found a place here. Arata Isosaki made a drawing, he came here earlier, and we were standing on the terrace at the Wawel Castle, and he just looked. The city propsed several locations, but in his opinion it was best to build near water, because the most beautiful buildings in the world are built on the waterside. So he selected this location and then the political situation changed suddenly. The new voyevoda was a man who supported this project - Mr. Tadeusz Piekarz, who offered this plot for our Centre. The building was constructed in 15 months. Owing to the government of Japan and to the Railwaymen Union, which also donated a large sum of money for this purpose, Japan suddenly came into existence in Krakow.
Films
1955 Pokolenie [Generation]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Bohdan Czeszko, based on his novel
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Music: Andrzej Markowski
Cast: Tadeusz Lomnicki, Urszula Modrzynska, Tadeusz Janczar, Roman Polanski, Ryszard Kotas, Janusz Paluszkiewicz, Zbigniew Cybulski
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1957 Kanal
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Stefan Stawinski, based on his novel
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Music: Jan Krenz
Cast: Wienczyslaw Glinski, Teresa Izewska, Tadeusz Janczar, Emil Karewicz, Wladyslaw Sheybal, Stanislaw Mikulski, Teresa Berezowska, Tadeusz Gwiazdowski, Adam Pawlikowski and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1958 Popiol i diament [Ashes And Diamonds]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Andrzejewski, based on his novel
Director of Photography: Jerzy Wojcik
Second Director: Janusz Morgenstern
Music: Jan Krenz, Michal Kleofas Oginski
Cast: Zbigniew Cybulski, Ewa Krzyzewska, Waclaw Zastrzezynski, Adam Pawlikowski, Bogumil Kobiela
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Jerzy Andrzejewski's book Popiol i diament is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1959 Lotna
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Wojciech Zukrowski, based on his novel
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Second Director: Janusz Morgenstern
Music: Tadeusz Baird
Cast: Jerzy Pichelski, Adam Pawlikowski, Jerzy Moes, Mieczyslaw Loza, Bozena Kurowska, Karol Rommel, Roman Polanski
1960 Niewinni czarodzieje [Innocent Sorcerers]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Andrzejewski, Jerzy Skolimowski
Director of Photography: Krzysztof Winiewicz
Music: Krzysztof Trzcinski-Komeda
Cast: Tadeusz Lomnicki, Krystyna Stypulkowska, Wanda Koczewska, Zbigniew Cybulski, Roman Polanski, Krzysztof Trzcinski-Komeda, Kalina Jedrusik-Dygatowa and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1961 Samson
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Kazimierz Brandys, based on his novel and Andrzej Wajda
Director of Photography: Jerzy Wojcik
Music: Tadeusz Baird
Cast: Serge Merlin, Alina Janowska, Elzbieta Kepinska, Tadeusz Bartosik, Wladyslaw Kowalski, Jan Ciecierski, Beata Tyszkiewicz, Roman Polanski and others.
1962 Sibirska Ledi Magbet [Siberian Lady Macbeth]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Sveta Lukic, based on a short story by Nikolai Leskov
Director of Photography: Aleksander Sekulovic
Music: Dusan Radic
Cast: Olivera Markowic, Ljuba Tadic, Miodrag Lazarevic, Bojan Stupica and others.
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1962 L'amour à vingt ans [Love At Twenty]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Stefan Stawinski
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Music: Jerzy Matuszkiewicz
Cast: Barbara Kwiatkowska-Lass, Zbigniew Cybulski, Wladyslaw Kowalski
1965 Popioly [Ashes]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Aleksander Scibor Rylski, based on the novel by Stefan Zeromski
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Second Director: Andrzej Zulawski
Music: Andrzej Markowski
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Pola Raksa, Boguslaw Kierc, Beata Tyszkiewicz, Piotr Wysocki, Jozef Duriasz, Wladyslaw Hancza, Jadwiga Andrzejewska, Stanislaw Zaczyk, Jan Swiderski, Jan Nowicki and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Stefan Zeromski's book Popioly is available at the Merlin bookstore
1968 The Gates To Paradise
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Andrzejewski, based on his novel
English dialogs: Donald Howard
Director of Photography: Mieczyslaw Jahoda
Music: Ward Swingle
Cast: Lionel Stander, Ferdy Mayne, Jenny Agutter, Mathieu Carrière and others.
Jerzy Andrzejewski's story Bramy raju is available at the Merlin bookstore
1968 Przekladaniec [Roly Poly]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Stanislaw Lem, based on his short story
Director of Photography: Wieslaw Zdort
Music: Andrzej Markowski
Cast: Bogumil Kobiela, Ryszard Filipski, Anna Prucnal, Jerzy Zelnik and others.
1969 Wszystko na sprzedaz [Everything For Sale]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda
Director of Photography: Witold Sobocinski
Music: Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Andrzej Lapicki, Beata Tyszkiewicz, Elzbieta Czyzewska, Daniel Olbrychski and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
1969 Polowanie na muchy [Hunting Flies]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Janusz Glowacki, based on his story
Director of Photography: Zygmunt Samosiuk
Music:Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Malgorzata Braunek, Zygmunt Malanowicz, Daniel Olbrychski, Ewa Skarzanka, Hannna Skarzanka and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles) as Fury Is A Woman
1970 Brzezina [Birch Wood]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jaroslaw Iwaszkiewicz, based on his short story
Director of Photography: Zygmunt Samosiuk
Music: Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Emilia Krakowska, Olgierd Lukaszewicz, Marek Perepeczko and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
1970 Krajobraz po bitwie [Landscape After the Battle]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Brzozowski and Andrzej Wajda, based on the novel by Tadeusz Borowski
Director of Photography: Zbigniew Samosiuk
Music: Antonio Vivaldi, Fryderyk Chopin, Zygmunt Konieczny
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Stanislawa Celinska, Tadeusz Janczar, Mieczyslaw Stoor, Leszek Drogosz, Aleksander Bardini, Stefan Friedmann, Jerzy Zelnik, Anna German, Malgorzata Braunek and others.
1972 Pilatus und andere [Pilat And Others]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, based on the novel The Master and Margaret by Michail Bulhajov
Director of Photography: Igor Luther
Music: Jan Sebastian Bach
Cast: Wojciech Pszoniak, Jan Kreczmar, Daniel Olbrychski, Andrzej Lapicki, Marek Perepeczko, Jerzy Zelnik and others.
Michail Bulchakov's book The Master and Margaret is available at the Merlin bookstore
1973 Wesele [The Wedding]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Kijowski, based on Stanislaw Wyspianski's drama
Director of Photography: Witold Sobocinski
Music: Stanislaw Radwan
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Ewa Zietek, Malgorzata Lorentowicz, Barbara Wrzesinska, Andrzej Lapicki, Wojciech Pszoniak, Marek Perepeczko, Maja Komorowska, Franciszek Pieczka, Marek Walczewski, Emilia Krakowska and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Stanislaw Wyspianski's drama Wesele is available at the Merlin bookstore
1975 Ziemia obiecana [Promised Land]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, based on Wladyslaw Reymont's novel
Director of Photography: Witold Sobocinski, Edward Klosinski, Waclaw Dybowski
Second Directors: Andrzej Kotkowski, Jerzy Domaradzki
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Wojciech Pszoniak, Andrzej Seweryn, Anna Nehrebecka, Tadeusz Bialoszczynski, Franciszek Pieczka, Bozena Dykiel, Kalina Jedrusik and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Stanislaw Reymont's Ziemia obiecana is available at the Merlin bookstore
1976 Smuga cienia [The Shadow Line]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Boleslaw Sulik, Andrzej Wajda, based on Joseph Conrad's novel
Director of Photography: Witold Sobocinski
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Marek Kondrat, Graham Lines, Tom Wilkinson, Bernard Archard and others.
1977 Czlowiek z marmuru [The Man of Marble]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Aleksander Scibor Rylski
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Second Directors: Krystyna Grochowicz, Witold Holz
Music: Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Jerzy Radziwillowicz, Krystyna Janda, Tadeusz Lomnicki, Jacek Lomnicki, Michal Tarkowski, Piotr Cieslak, Wieslaw Wojcik, Krystyna Zachwatowicz and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1978 Bez znieczulenia [Rough Treatment]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Agnieszka Holland i Andrzej Wajda
Cooperation: Krzysztof Zaleski
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Music: Jerzy Derfel, Wojciech Mlynarski
Cast: Zbigniew Zapasiewicz, Ewa Dalkowska, Andrzej Seweryn, Krystyna Janda, Emilia Krakowska, Roman Wilhelmi, Kazimierz Kaczor and others.
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles) as Without Anesthesia
1979 Panny z Wilka [The Maids from Wilko]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Zbigniew Kaminski, based on a short story by Jaroslaw Iwaszkiewicz
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Music: Karol Szymanowski
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Anna Seniuk, Maja Komorowska, Stanislawa Celinska, Krystyna Zachwatowicz, Christine Pascal, Zbigniew Zapasiewicz and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Jaroslaw Iwaszkiewicz's story Panny z Wilka is available at the Merlin bookstore
1980 Dyrygent [The Orchestra Conductor]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Kijowski
Director of Photography: Slawomir Idziak
Music: Ludwig van Beethoven
Cast: John Gielgud, Krystyna Janda, Andrzej Seweryn, Jan Ciecierski, Marysia Seweryn and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1981 Czlowiek z zelaza [The Iron Man]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Aleksander Scibor-Rylski
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Music: Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Jerzy Radziwillowicz, Krystyna Janda, Marian Opania, Andrzej Seweryn, Irena Byrska and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1983 Danton
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jean-Claude Carrière, based on Stanislawa Przybyszewska's play Danton's Affair
Cooperation: Andrzej Wajda, Agnieszka Holland, Boleslaw Michalek, Jacek Gasiorowski
Director of Photography: Igor Luther
Music: Jean Prodromides
Cast: Gérard Depardieu, Wojciech Pszoniak, Anne Alvaro, Roland Blanche, Patrice Chéreau, Emmanuelle Debever, Krzysztof Globisz, Tadeusz Huk, Marek Kondrat, Boguslaw Linda and others.
1983 Eine Liebe in Deutschland [Love In Germany]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Boleslaw Michalek, Agnieszka Holland, Andrzej Wajda, based on Rolf Hochhuth's novel
Director of Photography: Igor Luther
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: Michel Legrand
Cast: Hanna Schygulla, Marie-Christine Barrault, Piotr Lysak, Daniel Olbrychski and others.
1986 Kronika wypadkow milosnych [A Chronicle of Amorous Incidents]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, based on Tadeusz Konwicki's novel
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Paulina Mlynarska, Piotr Wawrzynczak, Bernadetta Machala, Dariusz Dobkowski, Tadeusz Konwicki, Jaroslaw Gruda, Tadeusz Lomnicki, Krystyna Zachwatowicz and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
1988 Les Possédes [The possessed]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jean-Claude Carrière, based on a novel by Dostojevsky
Cooperation: Andrzej Wajda, Agnieszka Holland, Edward Zebrowski
Director of Photography: Witold Adamek
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: Zygmunt Konieczny
Cast: Isabelle Huppert, Jutta Lampe, Philippine Leroy Beaulieu, Bernard Blier, Jean-Philippe Ecoffey, Laurent Malet, Jerzy Radziwillowicz, Omar Sharif and others.
Fiodor Dostojevsky's novel Bracia Karamazow is available at the Merlin bookstore
1990 Korczak
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Agnieszka Holland
Director of Photography: Robby Müller
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Wojciech Pszoniak, Ewa Dalkowska, Teresa Budzisz-Krzyzanowska, Marzena Trybala, Piotr Kozlowski, Zbigniew Zamachowski, Jan Peszek, Aleksander Bardini, Wojciech Klata, Krystyna Zachwatowicz and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1992 Pierscionek z orlem w koronie [The Crowned-Eagle Ring]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, Maciej Karpinski, Andrzej Kotkowski, based on a novel by Aleksander Scibor-Rylski Pierscionek z konskiego wlosia (the Horsehair Ring).
Director of Photography: Dariusz Kuc
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: Zbigniew Gorny
Cast: Rafal Krolikowski, Agnieszka Wagner, Adrianna Biedrzynska, Maria Chwalibog, Jadwiga Jankowska-Cieslak, Cezary Pazura, Miroslaw Baka, Piotr Bajor, Jerzy Trela and others.
1994 Nastasja
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, Maciej Karpinski, based on The Idiot by Dostojevsky
Japan translation: Masao Yonekawa
Director of Photography: Pawel Edelman
Decoration and costumes: Krystyna Zachwatowicz
Cast: Tamasaburo Bando, Toshiyuki Nagashima
Fiodor Dostojevsky's book Idiota is available at the Merlin bookstore
1995 Wielki Tydzien [Holy Week]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, based on Jerzy Andrzejewski's short story
Director of Photography: Wit Dabal
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: G.F. Narholz, F. Ullmann, S. Burston, O. Siebien, R. Baumgartner, J. Clero, V. Borek
Cast: Beata Fudalej, Wojciech Malajkat, Wojciech Pszoniak, Magdalena Warzecha, Jakub Przebindowski, Cezary Pazura, Maria Seweryn and others.
1996 Panna Nikt [Miss Nothing]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Radoslaw Piwowarski, based on a Tomek Tryzna's novel
Director of Photography: Krzysztof Ptak
Cast: Anna Wielgucka, Anna Mucha, Anna Powierza, Stanislawa Celinska, Janga Jan Tomaszewski and others.
Tomek Tryzna's novel Panna Nikt is available at the Merlin bookstore
1998 Pan Tadeusz
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, Jan Nowina-Zarzycki, Piotr Weresniak, based on a poem by Adam Mickiewicz
Second Director: Adek Drabinski
Director of Photography: Pawel Edelman
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Michal Zebrowski, Alicja Bachleda-Curus, Boguslaw Linda, Daniel Olbrychski, Grazyna Szapolowska, Andrzej Seweryn, Marek Kondrat,
Krzysztof Kolberger, Siergiej Szakurow, Jerzy Binczycki and others.
「カタロニア賛歌」とアンジェイ・ワイダ http://ima-ikiteiruhushigi.... Film re-opens Katyn wound (VIDEO 2:45) http://news.bbc.co.uk/playe... Film reopens Poland's Katyn wound http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/... 映画「カチン」公式サイ...
「カタロニア賛歌」とアンジェイ・ワイダ
http://ima-ikiteiruhushigi.cocolog-ni...
Film re-opens Katyn wound (VIDEO 2:45)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/news...
Film reopens Poland's Katyn wound
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/702...
映画「カチン」公式サイト:Katyń - film Andrzeja Wajdy
http://www.postmortem.netino.pl/
アンジェイ・ワイダ 祖国ポーランドを撮り続けた男
http://www.veoh.com/videos/v142220982...
The last sceen with the traditional Polish dance.
The good Lord God gave the director two eyes - one to look into the camera, the other to be alert to everything that is going on around him.
Andrzej Wajda
Ladies and Gentlemen,
I will speak in Polish because I want to say what I think and feel and I always thought and felt in Polish.
I accept this greeat honor not as a personal tribute, but as a tribute to all of Polish cinema.
The subject of many of our films was the war, the atrocities of Nazism and the tragedies brought by communism.
This is why today I thank the American friends of Poland and my compatriots for helping my country rejoin the family of democratic nations, rejoin the Western civilizations, its institutions and security structures.
My fervent hope is that the only flames people will encounter will be the great passions of the heart--love, gratitude and solidarity.
On April 2, 2000, Andrzej Wajda donated his Oscar statuette to the Muzeum of Jagiellonian University in Cracow. The statuette will be exposed together with earlier Wajda's gifts: La Palme d'Or from Cannes and Golden Lion from Venice.
Andrzej Wajda - biography
WAJDA, Andrzej ; Polish film and theatrical director; born March 6th 1926 in Suwalki; son of Jakub Wajda and Aniela Wajda;
ed. Acadademy of Fine Arts,Cracow; High Film School, Lodz;
Film Director 1954 - ; Theatre Director Teatr Stary ,Cracow 1962 - 1998.
Man.Director Teatr Powszechny Warsaw 1989-90;
Hon.member Union Polish Artist and Designers (ZPAP)1977.
Pres.Polish Film Asscn.1978-83 . "Solidarity" Lech Walesa Council 1981 - 1989.
Senator of the Republic of Poland 1989 - 1991.
Member Presidential Council for Culture 1992- 94.
Founder: Center of Japanese Art and Technology, Cracow 1994.
Prizes: click here
Order of the Banner of Labor (second class)1975;
Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta;
Order of Kirill and Methodus (first class), Bulgaria 1978;
Oficier, Legion d'Honneur 1982;
Order of Rising Sun, Japan 1995.
Films: click here
Polish Television Theatre: click here
Theatre: click here
The Birthplace
My family comes from the village of Szarow. Not far away, several miles from Szarow, in the Brzeziow graveyard, lies my granfather, Kazimierz Wayda, still spelt with a "y". These country origins seem essential to me, since from this tiny village, from this place and this family came four young men, all of which became educated people, members of the intelligentsia. One of them was my father, so I am only second generation intelligentsia myself. I think that there was a kind of strength in these young men, who left everything behind because they believed that all their future is before them. At the age of 16 my father joined the Legions (a Polish liberation corps in the I World War), where he became an officer. The second brother found employment as a railway official and until the outbreak of the Second World War he held the post of a director in the Krakow Railways. The third set up a large locksmith's shop, where I worked during the German occupation; the youngest brother, who was a promising farmers' activist, died prematurely.
I think that the force that drove these boys to run away, to avoid staying in one place because life was somewhere else... that I am also driven in this way... I have never wanted to live in places where I was thrown by chance, instead I strove for places which - it seemed to me - I should reach.
So after the war ended I travelled to Krakow, because I thought that my destiny lies at the Krakow Academy of Fine Arts. Then I went to Lodz, because of the foundation of the Film School - the only one in existence at the time - where I thought my place was. Then I left Lodz for Warsaw, because it was where all the filmmaking decisions were made and, besides, a person simply ought to live in Warsaw. And then I returned to Krakow once more, because the Stary Theatre was here. It always seemed to me that life wasn't here and now, not in this place where I was living, not in this film I was making - although every single one of my films and theatre productions was made with the conviction that it is meaningful and important. But I always thought that there is something more before me, that I should be running, striving, chasing this something... it is very difficult to define. I think that escape is the most important theme of my life, continually linking my past to the things that will happen tomorrow. I think that the energy which drove my father and his brothers, was exactly the same energy which I sense in myself, the energy which, so to speak, forced me to work so intensively and to run so hard from this pastoral landscape. Perhaps I should have spent my life looking at these mountains and doing nothing else...
An excerpt of a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
The War and Occupation
After the death in 1903 of their father, Kazimierz Wayda, all his sons (my father was 3 at the time) moved to Krakow and helped each other get an education. They were in Krakow again in the 30's, when they restored the house, their only piece of property. At the back of the house was the locksmith's shop; in this house, on the second floor, I used to hide during the occupation. And I must say that my uncles were so discreet (I think that this is a virtue of our family) that only after the end of the war I found out that in the same house they also concealed Jews.
So, thanks to my father's brothers, I was able to survive the occupation; I probably owe them my life, because my papers (documents) were very insufficient. I had to stay at home, I was scared even to go to the tram stop, because there was always some kind of control going on. Of course, it might seem that all I did here was just hide out with my family, but my uncles were extremely serious about all of this. There were several people employed here, we all had normal, everyday tasks, from which I returned late in the evening. If I still had any strength left I climbed out on this balcony, and here I painted some landscapes of the Salwator district. Sitting somewhere near the house I also painted this stream, and this was practically all I managed to do besides the hard work in my uncles' workshop, where I had to go every day.
This work later helped me understand what physical labour really means, what it means to work every day, to go to work in the morning, and when later, in the 50's, there was talk about the workers, the working class, I could say to myself "I have also been a worker". It was not strange to me.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
Parents
My father was an officer, a junior lieutenant in the Polish Army. My mother was a teacher; she graduated from a teaching college and worked at a Ukrainian school. So they were a typical intelligentsia marriage. My father was promoted very quickly and he was moved to Suwalki, to the 41st Infantry Regiment garrison. And that's where I was born. Officers were constantly transferred from one garrison to another, so my father soon moved to Radom.
Professions such as a teacher or a military officer are directed towards other people. A teacher teaches children, an officer also educates, in a sense, disciplining the soldiers in his care. So both are people who work for others, not only for themselves. I think this quality was very distinct among the Polish intelligentsia in those times and I didn't know that a person could behave otherwise. You live for others, not for yourself.
And suddenly, in 1939, everything collapsed. My father was lost; he went to war and never came back. My mother could not stay at home, she had to go to work, we became workers. Our intelligentsia family found itself in completely different surroundings. I was 13 when the war broke out, so the only things I retained were the things that my home, school and the church had given me until that age.
My father, Jakub Wajda, lived only to the age of 40. He was captain in the 72nd Infantry Regiment and died at Katyn. But until 1989 we were not allowed to make an inscription on the family tomb, saying where he was killed. The censorship was so strict and the ban on all information on this subject so rigorous that when I recently tried to find a copy of the newspaper, published by Germans during the war, with the list of Katyn victims, my father's name among them, it turned out that the paper simply did not exist. Some mysterious hand removed the relevant copies from the library collection, so the experience of living through perhaps the most shocking moment of my life, when I could find out from a German paper that my father had been murdered, was denied to me.
War put an end to my country life - and to my pastoral life, because all childhood seems pastoral. Because of the war I finally could and had to make my own decisions, I knew I could no longer rely on anyone, everything now depended on me and only on me.
My father considered it natural that I should go into the Army. In 1939 I went to Lwow to enroll into the Cadets' School, but unfortunately I failed. I had always tried to have something to draw, I deemed this more interesting than other occupations, but nobody knew what should come out of it. During the occupation I realized, however, that I want to do this professionally and for a few months I attended drawing lessons at an art school owned by a professor from Lodz, which the Germans still allowed at that time. But the occupation became inceasingly more brutal, further education was out of the question, the usual choice was to hide or to work in a firm which could supply good papers - that is documents, which would allow us to go out in the street and move about in a normal way.
My mother came to Krakow near the end of her life, in 1950. My brother and I were already students at the Fine Arts Academy, and she was left behind alone in Radom. Our father didn't return from the war. We still had some hope, but in 1950 we were fairly certain that he won't come back. So our mother moved in with us, to our home in the Salwator district, and when she died prematurely - she was only 50 - she was buried here, because this is the Wajda family tomb and our uncles decided that she should remain here.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
The Fine Arts Academy
The Fine Arts Academy was, and still is, named after Jan Matejko. In 1945 it experienced an influx of Paris-educated professors, who painted beautifully in the French postimpressionist manner.
But we soon realized that this was a contradiction. Here we were, painting nudes, flowers and still lives in the best French spirit, but our personal experience, our world, were quite different. We had seen the occupation and all its filth, we worked in factories. My fellow students often came straight from the Army, some of them still in uniform - nobody had any clothes to speak of, so everyone wore a uniform (I also dressed in my father's uniform which I had dyed navy blue) - but they came straight from the Army, dressed in battle green, and our shared experince was inconsistent with our painting. We felt we had another story to tell, but our painting expressed what we meant very incompletely - or not at all.
Here we had seen the smoking chimneys of the crematoriums, the arrests, the street roundups, the Warsaw uprising - and they were like Cézanne, who when he was asked, What did you do when the Prussians advanced on Paris? answered, I painted some landscape studies. They, our professors, dared to paint lanscapes and still lives during the war. And it was a kind of resistance against this... against this war and all the things that the German occupation brought to Poland. But now the war had ended and we thought that we should meet painting in a different way. That's why we could not agree... Later it turned out that this conflict perfectly suited the current cultural policy of the authorities.
What was going on?
The year was 1945 and 46 - I enrolled at the Academy in 46. After the party union in 1948 there was a lot of confusion - of an ideological character, so to speak. But socrealism already started taking shape and there was demand for a kind of painting which would represent the new reality: the workers, farmers, all the things which the new policy brought. All this actually boiled down to was planned sovietization of Poland. We liked to paint these other subjects, but we never thought that we would be required merely to imitate Soviet painting. I think that at this point many people left the Academy; they understood that it's simply not possible, that this kind of art has no artistic future,
The thing that today moves me most in the Academy rooms is the smell. It has haunted me for years, this smell of the workshop, of paint... This smell is always with me, and today, when I stand in this studio, I think that this is the place where I could have been happy. But at that time I didn't have enough strength, character, willpower, tenacity. There were other, more talented people, and I was married for the first time. My wife turned out to be a fantastic painter and this also sort of put me off. I had to find another group of friends, another college, another place for myself.
I studied at the Academy for three years. By the end of the third year I realized that I was rather lost, and then, completely by chance, I read in some weekly magazine that the Film School is searching for students. So I decided to leave Krakow for Lodz.
But Lodz was no longer a school to me. I think that whatever I learned or thought or found out about art, was here, in Krakow. Regardless of all our arguments and our criticism of our professors, here we talked about art and thought in terms of art. But the Film School was a technical college - there we talked about how to make a film, how to orient ourselves in the political situation, how to show this subject or another.
But what did it all mean, and why film should be an art, these things I learned here. For a long time I kept hoping that I could paint something, because they told me that in old age you can still paint something good. I don't think this is true. To paint something in old age I should have achieved two things when I was young - I should have found my own way of painting and my own subject. And then, even if I had abandoned painting for a time and then taken it up again, I could have used this experience. But it didn't happen this way, so now I can only be a person who comes, looks and understands.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
Krakow
In 1950 together with my fellow students from Lodz I went to Nowa Huta. We were making a student movie - a feature - about the construction of the first socialist city in Poland. And so I gained the opportunity to see it all. At the beginning there was nothing here, only fields, but we all believed that the country people really needed such a city, because the villages were overpopulated. The idea was to create something that would transform Krakow. Krakow voted against the communists, so obviously it was necessary to create a community which would infuse this lifeless Krakow with its ideology.
Instead we found ourselves in a lifeless city, while Krakow was alive as never before, as if through an act of historic justice. And this city, intended to be a threat to Krakow, became in fact a kind of provincial little town, seemingly hundreds of miles distant from Krakow, a town where there is nothing of interest, where nothing happens, a town which nobody cares about.
I think that this is a kind of lesson in history, that you can't violate certain things, that there are places which radiate their culture. Krakow radiated culture and that is why it could not be destroyed.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
The Film School
In the 1950's the Film School was an ideological school. There were no such schools before and this one had no tradition. So it was meant to be a school for "janissaries", intended to educate a film elite, so to speak, which would later become an ideological commando and play a decisive role in the political and social transformations in Poland.
Our professors and teachers were people who before the war sympathized with the left and who just now, at the end of the war, thought that the day had come for them to play their part.
But there emerged an unforeseeable contradiction. These people, our teachers, were educated people who understood what was going on in Poland, and though they deferred to this ideology, they did not completely lose their wits. So, for example, Andrzej Munk could not make a film with a consumptive hero (I was to play that hero because I was terribly thin), he could not make it even as a student etude, because to show a victim of consumption was considered just too pessimistic. On the other hand, the majority of our post-war colleagues came out "from the forest", from the resistance movement, infected with tuberculosis. This disease at the time really took its toll among the intelligentsia, and not only intelligentsia.
But, at the same time, our rector Jerzy Toeplitz brought from Paris a whole collection of French avant-garde movies - not the Russian avant-garde, not Eisenstein, but precisely French. And so I was able to see the "Le Ballet Mécanique", "Le Chien d'Andalousie", "L'Age d'Or" and "Le Ballet Mécanique" once again, all the films which opened my eyes to a completely different kind of cinema, films which we not only never had made, but never had even seen. The inconsistency was fantastic: on the one hand our professors at the school wanted us - perhaps as a way of justification - to make all these socrealist movies, and, on the other, they brought us closer to real art.
Jerzy Toeplitz viewed our school as belonging to a greater body of European film colleges, and not as some provincial school somewhere in the Polish city of Lodz.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
The 1989 Crisis
I could have been sent to Auschwitz; by a strange twist of fate it didn't happen. I could have been arrested and sent to Germany as a slave labourer. I had a little luck, but this is a country where you actually have to find excuses for your luck. Because it is also true that all those who were braver, more determined, more desperate, more eager to take up arms, are mostly dead. And it must be said that these certainly were the best people.
Now, when we have freedom, so to speak, everyone asks me: OK, but why is it that you were successful while others weren't? Why could you make films while others couldn't? And could these films be right, if they were made in a state film studio and financed with state money? How is this possible? Which means that it would be better if I had spent my life doing nothing. And indeed, these people, who did nothing, have a ready excuse.
But what did we want? We only wanted to expand a little the limits of freedom, the limits of censorship, so that films such as "Popiol i diament" could be made. We never hoped to live to see the fall of the Soviet Union, to see Poland as a free country. We thought that all we could do was to expand this limit, so that the party wouldn't rule by itself but would have to admit the voice of the society it was ruling. If you want to participate in a reality created by an alien power, enforced by a historical situation, then you always risk taking part in some ambiguous game.
I saw quite soon that it was better to remain independent, that a party artist didn't really have more options only because he was allowed to make a film, permitted to do things apparently forbidden to others - quite the opposite.
The party controlled its members even more strictly. It summoned them and said: Why? You see, you know, why do you act this way? Why don't you follow the party line? But I couldn't be spoken to in this way, for I didn't have to follow the party line. I was a filmmaker. Of course, I didn't join the party, not only because my father wouldn't have joined the party, not because my mother wouldn't have thought it right, but simply because I was beginning to have a mind of my own.
All my life I was determined to have a kind of independence. Which is very funny, because there isn't a person more dependent than a film director. He depends on the people with whom he makes the film. He depends on the people for whom he makes the film. Not only on the audience, but also on those who make the film possible. Regardless of the political system, whether it is Poland or America, France or Bulgaria, it is the same everywhere. And this dependence is incomparably stronger. But it seemed to me that this might spring from the strong character of my father, of my whole family, who roused themselves and went away from these fields. The young people who left these villages - some went only in search of bread, but others also in search of bread and success. And immortality. To really become someone and decide not only for themselves but also for others.
Andrzej Wajda - Why Japan?
During the German occupation, which I spent in Krakow, I had to hide because my papers were very unsatisfactory. I went to town just once, when I found out that at the Sukiennice Hall there is an exhibition of Japanese art. I didn't know where the collection came from and who had assembled it here, in Krakow. Japan was a German ally during the war, so the Governor-General Frank, who resided at the Wawel Castle, decided to organize an exhibition as a homage to Japan and used this collection. I took a risk and slipped into the Sukiennice and I must say it was an incredible adventure. I remember every detail to this day and I think that the Japanese Centre, standing today by the Vistula river, originated to a large degree from the extraordinary event, which was my encounter with Japanese art here, in Krakow.
Many years later, when my films became well-known and I went abroad a lot, I was also noticed in Japan where I was awarded the prestigious "Kyoto Prize", which is the Japanese equivalent of the Nobel Prize. In short, I received an enormous amount of money - 340 000 USD was a sum beyond my imagination. In all my life I had never earned as much from a Polish movie and I thought - my wife, Krystyna, was of the same opinion - that this is a good moment to consider Japan in Krakow, because this huge collection, about 15 000 various objects, works of art, should be found a place here. Arata Isosaki made a drawing, he came here earlier, and we were standing on the terrace at the Wawel Castle, and he just looked. The city propsed several locations, but in his opinion it was best to build near water, because the most beautiful buildings in the world are built on the waterside. So he selected this location and then the political situation changed suddenly. The new voyevoda was a man who supported this project - Mr. Tadeusz Piekarz, who offered this plot for our Centre. The building was constructed in 15 months. Owing to the government of Japan and to the Railwaymen Union, which also donated a large sum of money for this purpose, Japan suddenly came into existence in Krakow.
Films
1955 Pokolenie [Generation]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Bohdan Czeszko, based on his novel
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Music: Andrzej Markowski
Cast: Tadeusz Lomnicki, Urszula Modrzynska, Tadeusz Janczar, Roman Polanski, Ryszard Kotas, Janusz Paluszkiewicz, Zbigniew Cybulski
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1957 Kanal
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Stefan Stawinski, based on his novel
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Music: Jan Krenz
Cast: Wienczyslaw Glinski, Teresa Izewska, Tadeusz Janczar, Emil Karewicz, Wladyslaw Sheybal, Stanislaw Mikulski, Teresa Berezowska, Tadeusz Gwiazdowski, Adam Pawlikowski and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1958 Popiol i diament [Ashes And Diamonds]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Andrzejewski, based on his novel
Director of Photography: Jerzy Wojcik
Second Director: Janusz Morgenstern
Music: Jan Krenz, Michal Kleofas Oginski
Cast: Zbigniew Cybulski, Ewa Krzyzewska, Waclaw Zastrzezynski, Adam Pawlikowski, Bogumil Kobiela
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Jerzy Andrzejewski's book Popiol i diament is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1959 Lotna
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Wojciech Zukrowski, based on his novel
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Second Director: Janusz Morgenstern
Music: Tadeusz Baird
Cast: Jerzy Pichelski, Adam Pawlikowski, Jerzy Moes, Mieczyslaw Loza, Bozena Kurowska, Karol Rommel, Roman Polanski
1960 Niewinni czarodzieje [Innocent Sorcerers]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Andrzejewski, Jerzy Skolimowski
Director of Photography: Krzysztof Winiewicz
Music: Krzysztof Trzcinski-Komeda
Cast: Tadeusz Lomnicki, Krystyna Stypulkowska, Wanda Koczewska, Zbigniew Cybulski, Roman Polanski, Krzysztof Trzcinski-Komeda, Kalina Jedrusik-Dygatowa and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1961 Samson
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Kazimierz Brandys, based on his novel and Andrzej Wajda
Director of Photography: Jerzy Wojcik
Music: Tadeusz Baird
Cast: Serge Merlin, Alina Janowska, Elzbieta Kepinska, Tadeusz Bartosik, Wladyslaw Kowalski, Jan Ciecierski, Beata Tyszkiewicz, Roman Polanski and others.
1962 Sibirska Ledi Magbet [Siberian Lady Macbeth]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Sveta Lukic, based on a short story by Nikolai Leskov
Director of Photography: Aleksander Sekulovic
Music: Dusan Radic
Cast: Olivera Markowic, Ljuba Tadic, Miodrag Lazarevic, Bojan Stupica and others.
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1962 L'amour à vingt ans [Love At Twenty]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Stefan Stawinski
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Music: Jerzy Matuszkiewicz
Cast: Barbara Kwiatkowska-Lass, Zbigniew Cybulski, Wladyslaw Kowalski
1965 Popioly [Ashes]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Aleksander Scibor Rylski, based on the novel by Stefan Zeromski
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Second Director: Andrzej Zulawski
Music: Andrzej Markowski
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Pola Raksa, Boguslaw Kierc, Beata Tyszkiewicz, Piotr Wysocki, Jozef Duriasz, Wladyslaw Hancza, Jadwiga Andrzejewska, Stanislaw Zaczyk, Jan Swiderski, Jan Nowicki and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Stefan Zeromski's book Popioly is available at the Merlin bookstore
1968 The Gates To Paradise
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Andrzejewski, based on his novel
English dialogs: Donald Howard
Director of Photography: Mieczyslaw Jahoda
Music: Ward Swingle
Cast: Lionel Stander, Ferdy Mayne, Jenny Agutter, Mathieu Carrière and others.
Jerzy Andrzejewski's story Bramy raju is available at the Merlin bookstore
1968 Przekladaniec [Roly Poly]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Stanislaw Lem, based on his short story
Director of Photography: Wieslaw Zdort
Music: Andrzej Markowski
Cast: Bogumil Kobiela, Ryszard Filipski, Anna Prucnal, Jerzy Zelnik and others.
1969 Wszystko na sprzedaz [Everything For Sale]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda
Director of Photography: Witold Sobocinski
Music: Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Andrzej Lapicki, Beata Tyszkiewicz, Elzbieta Czyzewska, Daniel Olbrychski and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
1969 Polowanie na muchy [Hunting Flies]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Janusz Glowacki, based on his story
Director of Photography: Zygmunt Samosiuk
Music:Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Malgorzata Braunek, Zygmunt Malanowicz, Daniel Olbrychski, Ewa Skarzanka, Hannna Skarzanka and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles) as Fury Is A Woman
1970 Brzezina [Birch Wood]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jaroslaw Iwaszkiewicz, based on his short story
Director of Photography: Zygmunt Samosiuk
Music: Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Emilia Krakowska, Olgierd Lukaszewicz, Marek Perepeczko and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
1970 Krajobraz po bitwie [Landscape After the Battle]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Brzozowski and Andrzej Wajda, based on the novel by Tadeusz Borowski
Director of Photography: Zbigniew Samosiuk
Music: Antonio Vivaldi, Fryderyk Chopin, Zygmunt Konieczny
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Stanislawa Celinska, Tadeusz Janczar, Mieczyslaw Stoor, Leszek Drogosz, Aleksander Bardini, Stefan Friedmann, Jerzy Zelnik, Anna German, Malgorzata Braunek and others.
1972 Pilatus und andere [Pilat And Others]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, based on the novel The Master and Margaret by Michail Bulhajov
Director of Photography: Igor Luther
Music: Jan Sebastian Bach
Cast: Wojciech Pszoniak, Jan Kreczmar, Daniel Olbrychski, Andrzej Lapicki, Marek Perepeczko, Jerzy Zelnik and others.
Michail Bulchakov's book The Master and Margaret is available at the Merlin bookstore
1973 Wesele [The Wedding]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Kijowski, based on Stanislaw Wyspianski's drama
Director of Photography: Witold Sobocinski
Music: Stanislaw Radwan
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Ewa Zietek, Malgorzata Lorentowicz, Barbara Wrzesinska, Andrzej Lapicki, Wojciech Pszoniak, Marek Perepeczko, Maja Komorowska, Franciszek Pieczka, Marek Walczewski, Emilia Krakowska and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Stanislaw Wyspianski's drama Wesele is available at the Merlin bookstore
1975 Ziemia obiecana [Promised Land]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, based on Wladyslaw Reymont's novel
Director of Photography: Witold Sobocinski, Edward Klosinski, Waclaw Dybowski
Second Directors: Andrzej Kotkowski, Jerzy Domaradzki
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Wojciech Pszoniak, Andrzej Seweryn, Anna Nehrebecka, Tadeusz Bialoszczynski, Franciszek Pieczka, Bozena Dykiel, Kalina Jedrusik and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Stanislaw Reymont's Ziemia obiecana is available at the Merlin bookstore
1976 Smuga cienia [The Shadow Line]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Boleslaw Sulik, Andrzej Wajda, based on Joseph Conrad's novel
Director of Photography: Witold Sobocinski
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Marek Kondrat, Graham Lines, Tom Wilkinson, Bernard Archard and others.
1977 Czlowiek z marmuru [The Man of Marble]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Aleksander Scibor Rylski
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Second Directors: Krystyna Grochowicz, Witold Holz
Music: Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Jerzy Radziwillowicz, Krystyna Janda, Tadeusz Lomnicki, Jacek Lomnicki, Michal Tarkowski, Piotr Cieslak, Wieslaw Wojcik, Krystyna Zachwatowicz and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1978 Bez znieczulenia [Rough Treatment]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Agnieszka Holland i Andrzej Wajda
Cooperation: Krzysztof Zaleski
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Music: Jerzy Derfel, Wojciech Mlynarski
Cast: Zbigniew Zapasiewicz, Ewa Dalkowska, Andrzej Seweryn, Krystyna Janda, Emilia Krakowska, Roman Wilhelmi, Kazimierz Kaczor and others.
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles) as Without Anesthesia
1979 Panny z Wilka [The Maids from Wilko]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Zbigniew Kaminski, based on a short story by Jaroslaw Iwaszkiewicz
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Music: Karol Szymanowski
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Anna Seniuk, Maja Komorowska, Stanislawa Celinska, Krystyna Zachwatowicz, Christine Pascal, Zbigniew Zapasiewicz and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Jaroslaw Iwaszkiewicz's story Panny z Wilka is available at the Merlin bookstore
1980 Dyrygent [The Orchestra Conductor]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Kijowski
Director of Photography: Slawomir Idziak
Music: Ludwig van Beethoven
Cast: John Gielgud, Krystyna Janda, Andrzej Seweryn, Jan Ciecierski, Marysia Seweryn and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1981 Czlowiek z zelaza [The Iron Man]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Aleksander Scibor-Rylski
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Music: Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Jerzy Radziwillowicz, Krystyna Janda, Marian Opania, Andrzej Seweryn, Irena Byrska and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1983 Danton
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jean-Claude Carrière, based on Stanislawa Przybyszewska's play Danton's Affair
Cooperation: Andrzej Wajda, Agnieszka Holland, Boleslaw Michalek, Jacek Gasiorowski
Director of Photography: Igor Luther
Music: Jean Prodromides
Cast: Gérard Depardieu, Wojciech Pszoniak, Anne Alvaro, Roland Blanche, Patrice Chéreau, Emmanuelle Debever, Krzysztof Globisz, Tadeusz Huk, Marek Kondrat, Boguslaw Linda and others.
1983 Eine Liebe in Deutschland [Love In Germany]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Boleslaw Michalek, Agnieszka Holland, Andrzej Wajda, based on Rolf Hochhuth's novel
Director of Photography: Igor Luther
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: Michel Legrand
Cast: Hanna Schygulla, Marie-Christine Barrault, Piotr Lysak, Daniel Olbrychski and others.
1986 Kronika wypadkow milosnych [A Chronicle of Amorous Incidents]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, based on Tadeusz Konwicki's novel
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Paulina Mlynarska, Piotr Wawrzynczak, Bernadetta Machala, Dariusz Dobkowski, Tadeusz Konwicki, Jaroslaw Gruda, Tadeusz Lomnicki, Krystyna Zachwatowicz and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
1988 Les Possédes [The possessed]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jean-Claude Carrière, based on a novel by Dostojevsky
Cooperation: Andrzej Wajda, Agnieszka Holland, Edward Zebrowski
Director of Photography: Witold Adamek
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: Zygmunt Konieczny
Cast: Isabelle Huppert, Jutta Lampe, Philippine Leroy Beaulieu, Bernard Blier, Jean-Philippe Ecoffey, Laurent Malet, Jerzy Radziwillowicz, Omar Sharif and others.
Fiodor Dostojevsky's novel Bracia Karamazow is available at the Merlin bookstore
1990 Korczak
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Agnieszka Holland
Director of Photography: Robby Müller
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Wojciech Pszoniak, Ewa Dalkowska, Teresa Budzisz-Krzyzanowska, Marzena Trybala, Piotr Kozlowski, Zbigniew Zamachowski, Jan Peszek, Aleksander Bardini, Wojciech Klata, Krystyna Zachwatowicz and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1992 Pierscionek z orlem w koronie [The Crowned-Eagle Ring]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, Maciej Karpinski, Andrzej Kotkowski, based on a novel by Aleksander Scibor-Rylski Pierscionek z konskiego wlosia (the Horsehair Ring).
Director of Photography: Dariusz Kuc
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: Zbigniew Gorny
Cast: Rafal Krolikowski, Agnieszka Wagner, Adrianna Biedrzynska, Maria Chwalibog, Jadwiga Jankowska-Cieslak, Cezary Pazura, Miroslaw Baka, Piotr Bajor, Jerzy Trela and others.
1994 Nastasja
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, Maciej Karpinski, based on The Idiot by Dostojevsky
Japan translation: Masao Yonekawa
Director of Photography: Pawel Edelman
Decoration and costumes: Krystyna Zachwatowicz
Cast: Tamasaburo Bando, Toshiyuki Nagashima
Fiodor Dostojevsky's book Idiota is available at the Merlin bookstore
1995 Wielki Tydzien [Holy Week]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, based on Jerzy Andrzejewski's short story
Director of Photography: Wit Dabal
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: G.F. Narholz, F. Ullmann, S. Burston, O. Siebien, R. Baumgartner, J. Clero, V. Borek
Cast: Beata Fudalej, Wojciech Malajkat, Wojciech Pszoniak, Magdalena Warzecha, Jakub Przebindowski, Cezary Pazura, Maria Seweryn and others.
1996 Panna Nikt [Miss Nothing]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Radoslaw Piwowarski, based on a Tomek Tryzna's novel
Director of Photography: Krzysztof Ptak
Cast: Anna Wielgucka, Anna Mucha, Anna Powierza, Stanislawa Celinska, Janga Jan Tomaszewski and others.
Tomek Tryzna's novel Panna Nikt is available at the Merlin bookstore
1998 Pan Tadeusz
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, Jan Nowina-Zarzycki, Piotr Weresniak, based on a poem by Adam Mickiewicz
Second Director: Adek Drabinski
Director of Photography: Pawel Edelman
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Michal Zebrowski, Alicja Bachleda-Curus, Boguslaw Linda, Daniel Olbrychski, Grazyna Szapolowska, Andrzej Seweryn, Marek Kondrat,
Krzysztof Kolberger, Siergiej Szakurow, Jerzy Binczycki and others.
The story is very personal. Mr. Wajda's father was one of the victims of Katyn, and Mr. Wajda based the story on the women who waited in vain for their men to return, just like his own mother had done.
Although many VIPs and the "gliteratti" were present at the showing of the film in the Polish National Opera, the mood was somber, and at the end of the film, the silence was truly pregnant with emotion. I could not see him, but I believe Cardinal Jozef Glemp said a prayer at the very end.
Also at the end of the movie a German lady said to me how lucky I was to be an American. Indeed. The burden of history is huge. These are atrocities that we can never, ever forget.
Go here to read about President Kaczynski's visit to Katyn yesterday, as well as to see some beautiful photos of the victims of the massacre.
The good Lord God gave the director two eyes - one to look into the camera, the other to be alert to everything that is going on around him.
Andrzej Wajda
Ladies and Gentlemen,
I will speak in Polish because I want to say what I think and feel and I always thought and felt in Polish.
I accept this greeat honor not as a personal tribute, but as a tribute to all of Polish cinema.
The subject of many of our films was the war, the atrocities of Nazism and the tragedies brought by communism.
This is why today I thank the American friends of Poland and my compatriots for helping my country rejoin the family of democratic nations, rejoin the Western civilizations, its institutions and security structures.
My fervent hope is that the only flames people will encounter will be the great passions of the heart--love, gratitude and solidarity.
On April 2, 2000, Andrzej Wajda donated his Oscar statuette to the Muzeum of Jagiellonian University in Cracow. The statuette will be exposed together with earlier Wajda's gifts: La Palme d'Or from Cannes and Golden Lion from Venice.
Andrzej Wajda - biography
WAJDA, Andrzej ; Polish film and theatrical director; born March 6th 1926 in Suwalki; son of Jakub Wajda and Aniela Wajda;
ed. Acadademy of Fine Arts,Cracow; High Film School, Lodz;
Film Director 1954 - ; Theatre Director Teatr Stary ,Cracow 1962 - 1998.
Man.Director Teatr Powszechny Warsaw 1989-90;
Hon.member Union Polish Artist and Designers (ZPAP)1977.
Pres.Polish Film Asscn.1978-83 . "Solidarity" Lech Walesa Council 1981 - 1989.
Senator of the Republic of Poland 1989 - 1991.
Member Presidential Council for Culture 1992- 94.
Founder: Center of Japanese Art and Technology, Cracow 1994.
Prizes: click here
Order of the Banner of Labor (second class)1975;
Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta;
Order of Kirill and Methodus (first class), Bulgaria 1978;
Oficier, Legion d'Honneur 1982;
Order of Rising Sun, Japan 1995.
Films: click here
Polish Television Theatre: click here
Theatre: click here
The Birthplace
My family comes from the village of Szarow. Not far away, several miles from Szarow, in the Brzeziow graveyard, lies my granfather, Kazimierz Wayda, still spelt with a "y". These country origins seem essential to me, since from this tiny village, from this place and this family came four young men, all of which became educated people, members of the intelligentsia. One of them was my father, so I am only second generation intelligentsia myself. I think that there was a kind of strength in these young men, who left everything behind because they believed that all their future is before them. At the age of 16 my father joined the Legions (a Polish liberation corps in the I World War), where he became an officer. The second brother found employment as a railway official and until the outbreak of the Second World War he held the post of a director in the Krakow Railways. The third set up a large locksmith's shop, where I worked during the German occupation; the youngest brother, who was a promising farmers' activist, died prematurely.
I think that the force that drove these boys to run away, to avoid staying in one place because life was somewhere else... that I am also driven in this way... I have never wanted to live in places where I was thrown by chance, instead I strove for places which - it seemed to me - I should reach.
So after the war ended I travelled to Krakow, because I thought that my destiny lies at the Krakow Academy of Fine Arts. Then I went to Lodz, because of the foundation of the Film School - the only one in existence at the time - where I thought my place was. Then I left Lodz for Warsaw, because it was where all the filmmaking decisions were made and, besides, a person simply ought to live in Warsaw. And then I returned to Krakow once more, because the Stary Theatre was here. It always seemed to me that life wasn't here and now, not in this place where I was living, not in this film I was making - although every single one of my films and theatre productions was made with the conviction that it is meaningful and important. But I always thought that there is something more before me, that I should be running, striving, chasing this something... it is very difficult to define. I think that escape is the most important theme of my life, continually linking my past to the things that will happen tomorrow. I think that the energy which drove my father and his brothers, was exactly the same energy which I sense in myself, the energy which, so to speak, forced me to work so intensively and to run so hard from this pastoral landscape. Perhaps I should have spent my life looking at these mountains and doing nothing else...
An excerpt of a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
The War and Occupation
After the death in 1903 of their father, Kazimierz Wayda, all his sons (my father was 3 at the time) moved to Krakow and helped each other get an education. They were in Krakow again in the 30's, when they restored the house, their only piece of property. At the back of the house was the locksmith's shop; in this house, on the second floor, I used to hide during the occupation. And I must say that my uncles were so discreet (I think that this is a virtue of our family) that only after the end of the war I found out that in the same house they also concealed Jews.
So, thanks to my father's brothers, I was able to survive the occupation; I probably owe them my life, because my papers (documents) were very insufficient. I had to stay at home, I was scared even to go to the tram stop, because there was always some kind of control going on. Of course, it might seem that all I did here was just hide out with my family, but my uncles were extremely serious about all of this. There were several people employed here, we all had normal, everyday tasks, from which I returned late in the evening. If I still had any strength left I climbed out on this balcony, and here I painted some landscapes of the Salwator district. Sitting somewhere near the house I also painted this stream, and this was practically all I managed to do besides the hard work in my uncles' workshop, where I had to go every day.
This work later helped me understand what physical labour really means, what it means to work every day, to go to work in the morning, and when later, in the 50's, there was talk about the workers, the working class, I could say to myself "I have also been a worker". It was not strange to me.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
Parents
My father was an officer, a junior lieutenant in the Polish Army. My mother was a teacher; she graduated from a teaching college and worked at a Ukrainian school. So they were a typical intelligentsia marriage. My father was promoted very quickly and he was moved to Suwalki, to the 41st Infantry Regiment garrison. And that's where I was born. Officers were constantly transferred from one garrison to another, so my father soon moved to Radom.
Professions such as a teacher or a military officer are directed towards other people. A teacher teaches children, an officer also educates, in a sense, disciplining the soldiers in his care. So both are people who work for others, not only for themselves. I think this quality was very distinct among the Polish intelligentsia in those times and I didn't know that a person could behave otherwise. You live for others, not for yourself.
And suddenly, in 1939, everything collapsed. My father was lost; he went to war and never came back. My mother could not stay at home, she had to go to work, we became workers. Our intelligentsia family found itself in completely different surroundings. I was 13 when the war broke out, so the only things I retained were the things that my home, school and the church had given me until that age.
My father, Jakub Wajda, lived only to the age of 40. He was captain in the 72nd Infantry Regiment and died at Katyn. But until 1989 we were not allowed to make an inscription on the family tomb, saying where he was killed. The censorship was so strict and the ban on all information on this subject so rigorous that when I recently tried to find a copy of the newspaper, published by Germans during the war, with the list of Katyn victims, my father's name among them, it turned out that the paper simply did not exist. Some mysterious hand removed the relevant copies from the library collection, so the experience of living through perhaps the most shocking moment of my life, when I could find out from a German paper that my father had been murdered, was denied to me.
War put an end to my country life - and to my pastoral life, because all childhood seems pastoral. Because of the war I finally could and had to make my own decisions, I knew I could no longer rely on anyone, everything now depended on me and only on me.
My father considered it natural that I should go into the Army. In 1939 I went to Lwow to enroll into the Cadets' School, but unfortunately I failed. I had always tried to have something to draw, I deemed this more interesting than other occupations, but nobody knew what should come out of it. During the occupation I realized, however, that I want to do this professionally and for a few months I attended drawing lessons at an art school owned by a professor from Lodz, which the Germans still allowed at that time. But the occupation became inceasingly more brutal, further education was out of the question, the usual choice was to hide or to work in a firm which could supply good papers - that is documents, which would allow us to go out in the street and move about in a normal way.
My mother came to Krakow near the end of her life, in 1950. My brother and I were already students at the Fine Arts Academy, and she was left behind alone in Radom. Our father didn't return from the war. We still had some hope, but in 1950 we were fairly certain that he won't come back. So our mother moved in with us, to our home in the Salwator district, and when she died prematurely - she was only 50 - she was buried here, because this is the Wajda family tomb and our uncles decided that she should remain here.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
The Fine Arts Academy
The Fine Arts Academy was, and still is, named after Jan Matejko. In 1945 it experienced an influx of Paris-educated professors, who painted beautifully in the French postimpressionist manner.
But we soon realized that this was a contradiction. Here we were, painting nudes, flowers and still lives in the best French spirit, but our personal experience, our world, were quite different. We had seen the occupation and all its filth, we worked in factories. My fellow students often came straight from the Army, some of them still in uniform - nobody had any clothes to speak of, so everyone wore a uniform (I also dressed in my father's uniform which I had dyed navy blue) - but they came straight from the Army, dressed in battle green, and our shared experince was inconsistent with our painting. We felt we had another story to tell, but our painting expressed what we meant very incompletely - or not at all.
Here we had seen the smoking chimneys of the crematoriums, the arrests, the street roundups, the Warsaw uprising - and they were like Cézanne, who when he was asked, What did you do when the Prussians advanced on Paris? answered, I painted some landscape studies. They, our professors, dared to paint lanscapes and still lives during the war. And it was a kind of resistance against this... against this war and all the things that the German occupation brought to Poland. But now the war had ended and we thought that we should meet painting in a different way. That's why we could not agree... Later it turned out that this conflict perfectly suited the current cultural policy of the authorities.
What was going on?
The year was 1945 and 46 - I enrolled at the Academy in 46. After the party union in 1948 there was a lot of confusion - of an ideological character, so to speak. But socrealism already started taking shape and there was demand for a kind of painting which would represent the new reality: the workers, farmers, all the things which the new policy brought. All this actually boiled down to was planned sovietization of Poland. We liked to paint these other subjects, but we never thought that we would be required merely to imitate Soviet painting. I think that at this point many people left the Academy; they understood that it's simply not possible, that this kind of art has no artistic future,
The thing that today moves me most in the Academy rooms is the smell. It has haunted me for years, this smell of the workshop, of paint... This smell is always with me, and today, when I stand in this studio, I think that this is the place where I could have been happy. But at that time I didn't have enough strength, character, willpower, tenacity. There were other, more talented people, and I was married for the first time. My wife turned out to be a fantastic painter and this also sort of put me off. I had to find another group of friends, another college, another place for myself.
I studied at the Academy for three years. By the end of the third year I realized that I was rather lost, and then, completely by chance, I read in some weekly magazine that the Film School is searching for students. So I decided to leave Krakow for Lodz.
But Lodz was no longer a school to me. I think that whatever I learned or thought or found out about art, was here, in Krakow. Regardless of all our arguments and our criticism of our professors, here we talked about art and thought in terms of art. But the Film School was a technical college - there we talked about how to make a film, how to orient ourselves in the political situation, how to show this subject or another.
But what did it all mean, and why film should be an art, these things I learned here. For a long time I kept hoping that I could paint something, because they told me that in old age you can still paint something good. I don't think this is true. To paint something in old age I should have achieved two things when I was young - I should have found my own way of painting and my own subject. And then, even if I had abandoned painting for a time and then taken it up again, I could have used this experience. But it didn't happen this way, so now I can only be a person who comes, looks and understands.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
Krakow
In 1950 together with my fellow students from Lodz I went to Nowa Huta. We were making a student movie - a feature - about the construction of the first socialist city in Poland. And so I gained the opportunity to see it all. At the beginning there was nothing here, only fields, but we all believed that the country people really needed such a city, because the villages were overpopulated. The idea was to create something that would transform Krakow. Krakow voted against the communists, so obviously it was necessary to create a community which would infuse this lifeless Krakow with its ideology.
Instead we found ourselves in a lifeless city, while Krakow was alive as never before, as if through an act of historic justice. And this city, intended to be a threat to Krakow, became in fact a kind of provincial little town, seemingly hundreds of miles distant from Krakow, a town where there is nothing of interest, where nothing happens, a town which nobody cares about.
I think that this is a kind of lesson in history, that you can't violate certain things, that there are places which radiate their culture. Krakow radiated culture and that is why it could not be destroyed.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
The Film School
In the 1950's the Film School was an ideological school. There were no such schools before and this one had no tradition. So it was meant to be a school for "janissaries", intended to educate a film elite, so to speak, which would later become an ideological commando and play a decisive role in the political and social transformations in Poland.
Our professors and teachers were people who before the war sympathized with the left and who just now, at the end of the war, thought that the day had come for them to play their part.
But there emerged an unforeseeable contradiction. These people, our teachers, were educated people who understood what was going on in Poland, and though they deferred to this ideology, they did not completely lose their wits. So, for example, Andrzej Munk could not make a film with a consumptive hero (I was to play that hero because I was terribly thin), he could not make it even as a student etude, because to show a victim of consumption was considered just too pessimistic. On the other hand, the majority of our post-war colleagues came out "from the forest", from the resistance movement, infected with tuberculosis. This disease at the time really took its toll among the intelligentsia, and not only intelligentsia.
But, at the same time, our rector Jerzy Toeplitz brought from Paris a whole collection of French avant-garde movies - not the Russian avant-garde, not Eisenstein, but precisely French. And so I was able to see the "Le Ballet Mécanique", "Le Chien d'Andalousie", "L'Age d'Or" and "Le Ballet Mécanique" once again, all the films which opened my eyes to a completely different kind of cinema, films which we not only never had made, but never had even seen. The inconsistency was fantastic: on the one hand our professors at the school wanted us - perhaps as a way of justification - to make all these socrealist movies, and, on the other, they brought us closer to real art.
Jerzy Toeplitz viewed our school as belonging to a greater body of European film colleges, and not as some provincial school somewhere in the Polish city of Lodz.
An excerpt from a speech from the film "The Debit and the Credit"
The 1989 Crisis
I could have been sent to Auschwitz; by a strange twist of fate it didn't happen. I could have been arrested and sent to Germany as a slave labourer. I had a little luck, but this is a country where you actually have to find excuses for your luck. Because it is also true that all those who were braver, more determined, more desperate, more eager to take up arms, are mostly dead. And it must be said that these certainly were the best people.
Now, when we have freedom, so to speak, everyone asks me: OK, but why is it that you were successful while others weren't? Why could you make films while others couldn't? And could these films be right, if they were made in a state film studio and financed with state money? How is this possible? Which means that it would be better if I had spent my life doing nothing. And indeed, these people, who did nothing, have a ready excuse.
But what did we want? We only wanted to expand a little the limits of freedom, the limits of censorship, so that films such as "Popiol i diament" could be made. We never hoped to live to see the fall of the Soviet Union, to see Poland as a free country. We thought that all we could do was to expand this limit, so that the party wouldn't rule by itself but would have to admit the voice of the society it was ruling. If you want to participate in a reality created by an alien power, enforced by a historical situation, then you always risk taking part in some ambiguous game.
I saw quite soon that it was better to remain independent, that a party artist didn't really have more options only because he was allowed to make a film, permitted to do things apparently forbidden to others - quite the opposite.
The party controlled its members even more strictly. It summoned them and said: Why? You see, you know, why do you act this way? Why don't you follow the party line? But I couldn't be spoken to in this way, for I didn't have to follow the party line. I was a filmmaker. Of course, I didn't join the party, not only because my father wouldn't have joined the party, not because my mother wouldn't have thought it right, but simply because I was beginning to have a mind of my own.
All my life I was determined to have a kind of independence. Which is very funny, because there isn't a person more dependent than a film director. He depends on the people with whom he makes the film. He depends on the people for whom he makes the film. Not only on the audience, but also on those who make the film possible. Regardless of the political system, whether it is Poland or America, France or Bulgaria, it is the same everywhere. And this dependence is incomparably stronger. But it seemed to me that this might spring from the strong character of my father, of my whole family, who roused themselves and went away from these fields. The young people who left these villages - some went only in search of bread, but others also in search of bread and success. And immortality. To really become someone and decide not only for themselves but also for others.
Andrzej Wajda - Why Japan?
During the German occupation, which I spent in Krakow, I had to hide because my papers were very unsatisfactory. I went to town just once, when I found out that at the Sukiennice Hall there is an exhibition of Japanese art. I didn't know where the collection came from and who had assembled it here, in Krakow. Japan was a German ally during the war, so the Governor-General Frank, who resided at the Wawel Castle, decided to organize an exhibition as a homage to Japan and used this collection. I took a risk and slipped into the Sukiennice and I must say it was an incredible adventure. I remember every detail to this day and I think that the Japanese Centre, standing today by the Vistula river, originated to a large degree from the extraordinary event, which was my encounter with Japanese art here, in Krakow.
Many years later, when my films became well-known and I went abroad a lot, I was also noticed in Japan where I was awarded the prestigious "Kyoto Prize", which is the Japanese equivalent of the Nobel Prize. In short, I received an enormous amount of money - 340 000 USD was a sum beyond my imagination. In all my life I had never earned as much from a Polish movie and I thought - my wife, Krystyna, was of the same opinion - that this is a good moment to consider Japan in Krakow, because this huge collection, about 15 000 various objects, works of art, should be found a place here. Arata Isosaki made a drawing, he came here earlier, and we were standing on the terrace at the Wawel Castle, and he just looked. The city propsed several locations, but in his opinion it was best to build near water, because the most beautiful buildings in the world are built on the waterside. So he selected this location and then the political situation changed suddenly. The new voyevoda was a man who supported this project - Mr. Tadeusz Piekarz, who offered this plot for our Centre. The building was constructed in 15 months. Owing to the government of Japan and to the Railwaymen Union, which also donated a large sum of money for this purpose, Japan suddenly came into existence in Krakow.
Films
1955 Pokolenie [Generation]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Bohdan Czeszko, based on his novel
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Music: Andrzej Markowski
Cast: Tadeusz Lomnicki, Urszula Modrzynska, Tadeusz Janczar, Roman Polanski, Ryszard Kotas, Janusz Paluszkiewicz, Zbigniew Cybulski
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1957 Kanal
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Stefan Stawinski, based on his novel
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Music: Jan Krenz
Cast: Wienczyslaw Glinski, Teresa Izewska, Tadeusz Janczar, Emil Karewicz, Wladyslaw Sheybal, Stanislaw Mikulski, Teresa Berezowska, Tadeusz Gwiazdowski, Adam Pawlikowski and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1958 Popiol i diament [Ashes And Diamonds]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Andrzejewski, based on his novel
Director of Photography: Jerzy Wojcik
Second Director: Janusz Morgenstern
Music: Jan Krenz, Michal Kleofas Oginski
Cast: Zbigniew Cybulski, Ewa Krzyzewska, Waclaw Zastrzezynski, Adam Pawlikowski, Bogumil Kobiela
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Jerzy Andrzejewski's book Popiol i diament is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1959 Lotna
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Wojciech Zukrowski, based on his novel
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Second Director: Janusz Morgenstern
Music: Tadeusz Baird
Cast: Jerzy Pichelski, Adam Pawlikowski, Jerzy Moes, Mieczyslaw Loza, Bozena Kurowska, Karol Rommel, Roman Polanski
1960 Niewinni czarodzieje [Innocent Sorcerers]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Andrzejewski, Jerzy Skolimowski
Director of Photography: Krzysztof Winiewicz
Music: Krzysztof Trzcinski-Komeda
Cast: Tadeusz Lomnicki, Krystyna Stypulkowska, Wanda Koczewska, Zbigniew Cybulski, Roman Polanski, Krzysztof Trzcinski-Komeda, Kalina Jedrusik-Dygatowa and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1961 Samson
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Kazimierz Brandys, based on his novel and Andrzej Wajda
Director of Photography: Jerzy Wojcik
Music: Tadeusz Baird
Cast: Serge Merlin, Alina Janowska, Elzbieta Kepinska, Tadeusz Bartosik, Wladyslaw Kowalski, Jan Ciecierski, Beata Tyszkiewicz, Roman Polanski and others.
1962 Sibirska Ledi Magbet [Siberian Lady Macbeth]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Sveta Lukic, based on a short story by Nikolai Leskov
Director of Photography: Aleksander Sekulovic
Music: Dusan Radic
Cast: Olivera Markowic, Ljuba Tadic, Miodrag Lazarevic, Bojan Stupica and others.
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1962 L'amour à vingt ans [Love At Twenty]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Stefan Stawinski
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Music: Jerzy Matuszkiewicz
Cast: Barbara Kwiatkowska-Lass, Zbigniew Cybulski, Wladyslaw Kowalski
1965 Popioly [Ashes]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Aleksander Scibor Rylski, based on the novel by Stefan Zeromski
Director of Photography: Jerzy Lipman
Second Director: Andrzej Zulawski
Music: Andrzej Markowski
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Pola Raksa, Boguslaw Kierc, Beata Tyszkiewicz, Piotr Wysocki, Jozef Duriasz, Wladyslaw Hancza, Jadwiga Andrzejewska, Stanislaw Zaczyk, Jan Swiderski, Jan Nowicki and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Stefan Zeromski's book Popioly is available at the Merlin bookstore
1968 The Gates To Paradise
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jerzy Andrzejewski, based on his novel
English dialogs: Donald Howard
Director of Photography: Mieczyslaw Jahoda
Music: Ward Swingle
Cast: Lionel Stander, Ferdy Mayne, Jenny Agutter, Mathieu Carrière and others.
Jerzy Andrzejewski's story Bramy raju is available at the Merlin bookstore
1968 Przekladaniec [Roly Poly]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Stanislaw Lem, based on his short story
Director of Photography: Wieslaw Zdort
Music: Andrzej Markowski
Cast: Bogumil Kobiela, Ryszard Filipski, Anna Prucnal, Jerzy Zelnik and others.
1969 Wszystko na sprzedaz [Everything For Sale]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda
Director of Photography: Witold Sobocinski
Music: Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Andrzej Lapicki, Beata Tyszkiewicz, Elzbieta Czyzewska, Daniel Olbrychski and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
1969 Polowanie na muchy [Hunting Flies]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Janusz Glowacki, based on his story
Director of Photography: Zygmunt Samosiuk
Music:Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Malgorzata Braunek, Zygmunt Malanowicz, Daniel Olbrychski, Ewa Skarzanka, Hannna Skarzanka and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles) as Fury Is A Woman
1970 Brzezina [Birch Wood]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jaroslaw Iwaszkiewicz, based on his short story
Director of Photography: Zygmunt Samosiuk
Music: Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Emilia Krakowska, Olgierd Lukaszewicz, Marek Perepeczko and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
1970 Krajobraz po bitwie [Landscape After the Battle]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Brzozowski and Andrzej Wajda, based on the novel by Tadeusz Borowski
Director of Photography: Zbigniew Samosiuk
Music: Antonio Vivaldi, Fryderyk Chopin, Zygmunt Konieczny
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Stanislawa Celinska, Tadeusz Janczar, Mieczyslaw Stoor, Leszek Drogosz, Aleksander Bardini, Stefan Friedmann, Jerzy Zelnik, Anna German, Malgorzata Braunek and others.
1972 Pilatus und andere [Pilat And Others]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, based on the novel The Master and Margaret by Michail Bulhajov
Director of Photography: Igor Luther
Music: Jan Sebastian Bach
Cast: Wojciech Pszoniak, Jan Kreczmar, Daniel Olbrychski, Andrzej Lapicki, Marek Perepeczko, Jerzy Zelnik and others.
Michail Bulchakov's book The Master and Margaret is available at the Merlin bookstore
1973 Wesele [The Wedding]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Kijowski, based on Stanislaw Wyspianski's drama
Director of Photography: Witold Sobocinski
Music: Stanislaw Radwan
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Ewa Zietek, Malgorzata Lorentowicz, Barbara Wrzesinska, Andrzej Lapicki, Wojciech Pszoniak, Marek Perepeczko, Maja Komorowska, Franciszek Pieczka, Marek Walczewski, Emilia Krakowska and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Stanislaw Wyspianski's drama Wesele is available at the Merlin bookstore
1975 Ziemia obiecana [Promised Land]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, based on Wladyslaw Reymont's novel
Director of Photography: Witold Sobocinski, Edward Klosinski, Waclaw Dybowski
Second Directors: Andrzej Kotkowski, Jerzy Domaradzki
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Wojciech Pszoniak, Andrzej Seweryn, Anna Nehrebecka, Tadeusz Bialoszczynski, Franciszek Pieczka, Bozena Dykiel, Kalina Jedrusik and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Stanislaw Reymont's Ziemia obiecana is available at the Merlin bookstore
1976 Smuga cienia [The Shadow Line]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Boleslaw Sulik, Andrzej Wajda, based on Joseph Conrad's novel
Director of Photography: Witold Sobocinski
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Marek Kondrat, Graham Lines, Tom Wilkinson, Bernard Archard and others.
1977 Czlowiek z marmuru [The Man of Marble]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Aleksander Scibor Rylski
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Second Directors: Krystyna Grochowicz, Witold Holz
Music: Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Jerzy Radziwillowicz, Krystyna Janda, Tadeusz Lomnicki, Jacek Lomnicki, Michal Tarkowski, Piotr Cieslak, Wieslaw Wojcik, Krystyna Zachwatowicz and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1978 Bez znieczulenia [Rough Treatment]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Agnieszka Holland i Andrzej Wajda
Cooperation: Krzysztof Zaleski
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Music: Jerzy Derfel, Wojciech Mlynarski
Cast: Zbigniew Zapasiewicz, Ewa Dalkowska, Andrzej Seweryn, Krystyna Janda, Emilia Krakowska, Roman Wilhelmi, Kazimierz Kaczor and others.
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles) as Without Anesthesia
1979 Panny z Wilka [The Maids from Wilko]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Zbigniew Kaminski, based on a short story by Jaroslaw Iwaszkiewicz
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Music: Karol Szymanowski
Cast: Daniel Olbrychski, Anna Seniuk, Maja Komorowska, Stanislawa Celinska, Krystyna Zachwatowicz, Christine Pascal, Zbigniew Zapasiewicz and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
Jaroslaw Iwaszkiewicz's story Panny z Wilka is available at the Merlin bookstore
1980 Dyrygent [The Orchestra Conductor]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Kijowski
Director of Photography: Slawomir Idziak
Music: Ludwig van Beethoven
Cast: John Gielgud, Krystyna Janda, Andrzej Seweryn, Jan Ciecierski, Marysia Seweryn and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1981 Czlowiek z zelaza [The Iron Man]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Aleksander Scibor-Rylski
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Music: Andrzej Korzynski
Cast: Jerzy Radziwillowicz, Krystyna Janda, Marian Opania, Andrzej Seweryn, Irena Byrska and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1983 Danton
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jean-Claude Carrière, based on Stanislawa Przybyszewska's play Danton's Affair
Cooperation: Andrzej Wajda, Agnieszka Holland, Boleslaw Michalek, Jacek Gasiorowski
Director of Photography: Igor Luther
Music: Jean Prodromides
Cast: Gérard Depardieu, Wojciech Pszoniak, Anne Alvaro, Roland Blanche, Patrice Chéreau, Emmanuelle Debever, Krzysztof Globisz, Tadeusz Huk, Marek Kondrat, Boguslaw Linda and others.
1983 Eine Liebe in Deutschland [Love In Germany]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Boleslaw Michalek, Agnieszka Holland, Andrzej Wajda, based on Rolf Hochhuth's novel
Director of Photography: Igor Luther
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: Michel Legrand
Cast: Hanna Schygulla, Marie-Christine Barrault, Piotr Lysak, Daniel Olbrychski and others.
1986 Kronika wypadkow milosnych [A Chronicle of Amorous Incidents]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, based on Tadeusz Konwicki's novel
Director of Photography: Edward Klosinski
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Paulina Mlynarska, Piotr Wawrzynczak, Bernadetta Machala, Dariusz Dobkowski, Tadeusz Konwicki, Jaroslaw Gruda, Tadeusz Lomnicki, Krystyna Zachwatowicz and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
1988 Les Possédes [The possessed]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Jean-Claude Carrière, based on a novel by Dostojevsky
Cooperation: Andrzej Wajda, Agnieszka Holland, Edward Zebrowski
Director of Photography: Witold Adamek
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: Zygmunt Konieczny
Cast: Isabelle Huppert, Jutta Lampe, Philippine Leroy Beaulieu, Bernard Blier, Jean-Philippe Ecoffey, Laurent Malet, Jerzy Radziwillowicz, Omar Sharif and others.
Fiodor Dostojevsky's novel Bracia Karamazow is available at the Merlin bookstore
1990 Korczak
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Agnieszka Holland
Director of Photography: Robby Müller
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Wojciech Pszoniak, Ewa Dalkowska, Teresa Budzisz-Krzyzanowska, Marzena Trybala, Piotr Kozlowski, Zbigniew Zamachowski, Jan Peszek, Aleksander Bardini, Wojciech Klata, Krystyna Zachwatowicz and others.
This film is available at the Merlin bookstore
This film is also available at the www.amazon.com (with English subtitles)
1992 Pierscionek z orlem w koronie [The Crowned-Eagle Ring]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, Maciej Karpinski, Andrzej Kotkowski, based on a novel by Aleksander Scibor-Rylski Pierscionek z konskiego wlosia (the Horsehair Ring).
Director of Photography: Dariusz Kuc
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: Zbigniew Gorny
Cast: Rafal Krolikowski, Agnieszka Wagner, Adrianna Biedrzynska, Maria Chwalibog, Jadwiga Jankowska-Cieslak, Cezary Pazura, Miroslaw Baka, Piotr Bajor, Jerzy Trela and others.
1994 Nastasja
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, Maciej Karpinski, based on The Idiot by Dostojevsky
Japan translation: Masao Yonekawa
Director of Photography: Pawel Edelman
Decoration and costumes: Krystyna Zachwatowicz
Cast: Tamasaburo Bando, Toshiyuki Nagashima
Fiodor Dostojevsky's book Idiota is available at the Merlin bookstore
1995 Wielki Tydzien [Holy Week]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, based on Jerzy Andrzejewski's short story
Director of Photography: Wit Dabal
Decoration: Allan Starski
Music: G.F. Narholz, F. Ullmann, S. Burston, O. Siebien, R. Baumgartner, J. Clero, V. Borek
Cast: Beata Fudalej, Wojciech Malajkat, Wojciech Pszoniak, Magdalena Warzecha, Jakub Przebindowski, Cezary Pazura, Maria Seweryn and others.
1996 Panna Nikt [Miss Nothing]
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Radoslaw Piwowarski, based on a Tomek Tryzna's novel
Director of Photography: Krzysztof Ptak
Cast: Anna Wielgucka, Anna Mucha, Anna Powierza, Stanislawa Celinska, Janga Jan Tomaszewski and others.
Tomek Tryzna's novel Panna Nikt is available at the Merlin bookstore
1998 Pan Tadeusz
Director: Andrzej Wajda
Screenplay: Andrzej Wajda, Jan Nowina-Zarzycki, Piotr Weresniak, based on a poem by Adam Mickiewicz
Second Director: Adek Drabinski
Director of Photography: Pawel Edelman
Music: Wojciech Kilar
Cast: Michal Zebrowski, Alicja Bachleda-Curus, Boguslaw Linda, Daniel Olbrychski, Grazyna Szapolowska, Andrzej Seweryn, Marek Kondrat,
Krzysztof Kolberger, Siergiej Szakurow, Jerzy Binczycki and others.
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